Interaction of TNFi and conventional synthetic DMARD in SARS-CoV-2 vaccine response in axial spondyloarthritis and psoriatic arthritis

Ethnic differences in cellular and humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in UK healthcare workers: a cross-sectional analysis

“…Studies conducted in populations defined by particular diseases or treatment (such as autoimmune conditions treated with immunosuppressive agents, myeloma, lung cancer and dialysis) have provided mixed results relating to the impact of ethnicity on immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 A recent study reporting findings from a large cohort of UK healthcare workers (HCWs) found higher SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike titres in ethnic minority vaccinees than in their White counterparts, 22 which contrasts with another UK HCW study which found lower peak anti-spike antibody titres in Black HCWs compared to White HCWs and did not find differences between the White and Asian groups. 23 A large UK observational study in the general population found South Asians vaccinees to have higher combined IgG, A and M titres against SARS-CoV-2 than those from White groups.…”

The Kinetics of Humoral and Cellular Responses after the Booster Dose of COVID-19 Vaccine in Inflammatory Arthritis Patients

“…However, previous studies have established impaired immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccinations in IA patients after the primary vaccination schedule. Studies, focusing mostly on the post-vaccination humoral response, proved both lower antibody levels in IA patients in comparison to healthy controls (HC) [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ] and an increased risk of a complete lack of humoral response [ 4 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Subsequent studies have also proven a reduction in the cellular response to primary COVID-19 vaccinations in patients with IA [ 17 , 18 ].…”

“…Immunomodulatory drugs used by IA patients are seen as the main reason for the reduced post-vaccination immune response. Immunomodulatory drugs that reduce the immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines to the greatest extent are rituximab [ 4 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 13 , 14 , 17 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ], glucocorticosteroids (GCs) [ 4 , 10 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 19 , 21 ], and abatacept [ 13 , 14 , 16 , 22 , 23 ], with single studies, also showing a decrease in the humoral response after methotrexate (MTX) [ 8 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 15 ], TNF inhibitors [ 7 , 15 , 22 , 24 ], IL-6 inhibitors [ 23 ], and JAK inhibitors [ 8 , 22 ].…”

“…The abrogated immunological response to the primary vaccination schedule results in a faster decline of post-vaccination immunity in IA patients [ 5 , 7 , 16 , 18 , 25 , 26 ], making booster vaccinations among IA patients even more important than in HC. Current studies proved that, though COVID-19 booster vaccinations are effective in IA patients [ 27 , 28 , 29 ], also the immunogenicity of the booster dose is impaired in this group of patients [ 15 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. There are only single studies evaluating the effect of immunomodulatory drugs on the immunogenicity of the booster dose against COVID-19, indicating worsen response after GCs [ 30 ], biological and targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs and tsDMARDs) [ 15 , 30 ], and MTX [ 34 , 35 ].…”

“…Current studies proved that, though COVID-19 booster vaccinations are effective in IA patients [ 27 , 28 , 29 ], also the immunogenicity of the booster dose is impaired in this group of patients [ 15 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. There are only single studies evaluating the effect of immunomodulatory drugs on the immunogenicity of the booster dose against COVID-19, indicating worsen response after GCs [ 30 ], biological and targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs and tsDMARDs) [ 15 , 30 ], and MTX [ 34 , 35 ]. In our previous study, we assessed the effect of immunomodulatory drugs on humoral and cellular responses after the booster dose [ 36 ].…”