Interaction of Urea and Human Enamel

Arends, J; Jongebloed, W.L.; Goldberg, Michel; Schuthof, J

doi:10.1159/000260742

Cited by 44 publications

(42 citation statements)

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“…It has been reported that urea, which breaks down to carbon dioxide and ammonia, may affect the interprismatic regions of enamel. [48][49] Urea could denature the protein structure and might cause structural and morphological alterations of enamel through the degradation of organic molecules, such as amelogenin. 28 On the other hand, since urea is alkaline, it raises the pH of the bleaching products, thus reducing the demineralization potential.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Two In-office Whitening Agents on the Enamel Surface In Vivo: A Morphological and Non-contact Profilometric Study

Cadenaro¹,

Breschi²,

Nucci³

et al. 2008

Operative Dentistry

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This study evaluated the morphological effects produced in vivo by two in-office bleaching agents on enamel surface roughness using a noncontact profilometric analysis of epoxy replicas. The null hypothesis tested was that there would be no difference in the micromorphology of the enamel surface during or after bleaching with two different bleaching agents. Eighteen subjects were selected and randomly assigned to two treatment groups (n=9). The tooth whitening materials tested were 38% hydrogen peroxide (HP) (Opalescence Xtra Boost) and 35% car- Clinical RelevanceThis in vivo study supports the hypothesis that the use of in-office bleaching agents is a safe and reliable procedure, inducing no structural damage to the enamel surface, even after prolonged and repeated applications. The bleaching agents were applied in accordance with manufacturer protocols. The treatments were repeated four times at one-week intervals. High precision impressions of the upper right incisor were taken at baseline as the control (CTRL) and after each bleaching treatment (T 0 : first application, T 1 : second application at one week, T 2 : third application at two weeks and T 3 : fourth application at three weeks). Epoxy resin replicas were poured from impressions, and the surface roughness was analyzed by means of a non-contact profilometer (Talysurf CLI 1000). Epoxy replicas were then observed using SEM. All data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and differences were determined with a t-test. No significant differences in surface roughness were found on enamel replicas using either 38% hydrogen peroxide or 35% carbamide peroxide in vivo. This in vivo study supports the null hypothesis that two in-office bleaching agents, with either a high concentration of hydrogen or carbamide peroxide, do not alter enamel surface roughness, even after multiple applications.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Two In-office Whitening Agents on the Enamel Surface In Vivo: A Morphological and Non-contact Profilometric Study

Cadenaro¹,

Breschi²,

Nucci³

et al. 2008

Operative Dentistry

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“…Urea is capable of penetrating enamel and affecting the interprismatic region [15]. It is also capable of attacking the protein structure and denatures it.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aesthetic Rehabilitation of Discoloured Nonvital Anterior tooth with Carbamide Peroxide Bleaching: Case Series

Badole

Warhadpande

Bahadure³

et al. 2013

JCDR

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“…It has been described that urea released by carbamide peroxide has an ability to penetrate enamel and affect not only the surface, but also the interprismatic regions of enamel 28) . On a further note about the effect of urea, it has been reported that the presence of urea in bleaching agents contributed to various surface morphological changes in enamel 29) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Bleaching on the Elastic Modulus of Bovine Enamel

et al. 2007

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The purpose of this study was to determine the elastic modulus of enamel during bleaching procedure with the use of an ultrasonic device. Enamel sections were obtained from freshly extracted bovine incisors. Specimens were exposed to 10％ carbamide peroxide for two hours, followed by an application of a fluoride-containing toothpaste for five minutes and stored in artificial saliva (pH 7.0). An ultrasonic device was used to measure the sound velocities of longitudinal and shear waves as well as elastic modulus. The mean elastic modulus of bleached enamel decreased with time, from 15.5 GPa to 10.1 GPa. Conversely, the elastic modulus of bleached enamel followed by application of a fluoride-containing toothpaste increased with time, from 15.2 GPa to 20.2 GPa. Results of this study indicated that a decrease in elastic modulus associated with bleaching occurred, and that fluoride-containing toothpaste reversed this effect.

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Interaction of Urea and Human Enamel

Cited by 44 publications

References 0 publications

Effect of Two In-office Whitening Agents on the Enamel Surface In Vivo: A Morphological and Non-contact Profilometric Study

Effect of Two In-office Whitening Agents on the Enamel Surface In Vivo: A Morphological and Non-contact Profilometric Study

Aesthetic Rehabilitation of Discoloured Nonvital Anterior tooth with Carbamide Peroxide Bleaching: Case Series

The Effect of Bleaching on the Elastic Modulus of Bovine Enamel

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