Interactional Synchrony and Rapport: Measuring Synchrony in Displays Devoid of Sound and Facial Affect

Bernieri, Frank J.; Davis, Jenny; Rosenthal, Robert; Knee, C. Raymond

doi:10.1177/0146167294203008

Cited by 220 publications

(193 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Some postcoding automated techniques have been developed to detect repeated patterns of movement synchrony (e.g., THEME; Grammer, Kruck, & Magnusson, 1998); while inarguably helpful in identifying meaningful patterns of movement, these techniques do not mitigate the laborintensive hand-coding process. Some believe that these issues have likely discouraged some researchers from studying interpersonal synchrony due to lack of funding or insufficient staffing (Bernieri, Davis, Rosenthal, & Knee, 1994).…”

Section: Issues With Synchrony Data Collection and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Researchers have been refining cost-effective and efficient methods of studying synchrony for decades, and research on interpersonal synchrony has unveiled new ways of exploring conversation through facilitated analysis (e.g., Bernieri et al, 1994). Improved research methods may minimize the restrictions imposed by minimal funding and can be combined with other methods to explore questions of cross-channel synchrony and interaction (e.g., affect and body movement; see the General Discussion section).…”

Section: Issues With Synchrony Data Collection and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Judges are commonly instructed to watch videotaped interactions and provide a rating of the interaction, typically based on Likert scales of general interaction qualities (e.g., Bernieri et al, 1988;Criss et al, 2003). The interlocutors' dialogue may be muted (e.g., Bernieri et al, 1988) or included in the raters' materials (e.g., Criss et al, 2003); both have been established as equally effective as measures of bodily synchrony (Bernieri et al, 1994). Each interaction may be rated only once (e.g., Bernieri et al, 1988) or, to ensure high interrater reliability, by multiple raters (e.g., Criss et al, 2003).…”

Section: Holistic Ratingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Much research has shown a possible link between affiliation and synchrony (e.g., Bernieri et al, 1994;Chartrand & Bargh, 1999;Lakin & Chartrand, 2003;Ramseyer & Tschacher, 2008). However, this synchrony-affiliation link can be modulated under various group circumstances (e.g., Miles et al, 2011).…”

Section: Interaction Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Frame-differencing methods for measuring bodily synchrony in conversation

2012

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The study of interpersonal synchrony examines how interacting individuals grow to have similar behavior, cognition, and emotion in time. Many of the established methods of analyzing interpersonal synchrony are costly and timeconsuming; the study of bodily synchrony has been especially laborious, traditionally requiring researchers to hand-code movement frame by frame. Because of this, researchers have been searching for more efficient alternatives for decades. Recently, some researchers (e.g., Nagaoka & Komori (IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems, 91(6), [1634][1635][1636][1637][1638][1639][1640] 2008); Ramseyer & Tschacher, 2008) have applied computer science and computer vision techniques to create framedifferencing methods (FDMs) to simplify analyses. In this article, we provide a detailed presentation of one such FDM, created by modifying and adding to existing FDMs. The FDM that we present requires little programming experience or specialized equipment: Only a few lines of MATLAB code are required to execute an automated analysis of interpersonal synchrony. We provide sample code and demonstrate its use with an analysis of brief, friendly conversations; using linear mixed-effects models, the measure of interpersonal synchrony was found to be significantly predicted by time lag (p < .001) and by the interaction between time lag and measures of interpersonal liking (p < .001). This pattern of results fits with existing literature on synchrony. We discuss the current limitations and future directions for FDMs, including their use as part of a larger methodology for capturing and analyzing multimodal interaction.Keywords Synchrony . Movement . Liking . Alignment . Frame-differencing methods . Image processing . MATLAB Conversation is arguably one of the most common-and important-modes of social interaction. Combining a variety of intrapersonal and interpersonal mechanisms, conversation presents a rich source of data for researchers in numerous areas, from linguistics and affect to posture and gesture. Interpersonal synchrony research lies at the intersection of many of these areas, seeking to characterize the way that interlocutors (individuals involved in conversation) grow to have similar behavior, cognition, and emotion over time. Many areas of research in the behavioral sciences have approached the issue of synchrony, resulting in a scattered terminology: accommodation

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Section: Issues With Synchrony Data Collection and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Issues With Synchrony Data Collection and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Holistic Ratingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Interaction Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Frame-differencing methods for measuring bodily synchrony in conversation

2012

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“…can provide an assessment of rapport consistent with self-reports by the conversing individuals (Bernieri, Davis, Rosenthal, and Knee, 1994).…”

Section: Rapport and Negotiationsmentioning

confidence: 96%

The Dark Side of Rapport: Agent Misbehavior Face-to-Face and Online

2011

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A considerable body of research has extolled the virtues of establishing rapport in negotiations. Negotiators who are high in rapport tend to be more likely to reach an agreement and more satisfied with the outcome. Although rapport generally has been found to have positive effects in standard negotiation settings, we investigate the effects of rapport in impasse settings, where conflict between negotiators' core needs means that a successful deal can only be reached when one or both parties acts unethically or "misbehaves," for example, by lying to the negotiation partner. In a series of three experiments, we find that negotiators who have a high level of rapport are more likely to behave unethically than are negotiators who have a low level of rapport. We find this effect holds both when high rapport results from the way in which negotiations are conducted (face-to-face versus computer mediated) and also when rapport is established through a brief rapport-building exercise before negotiations begin. Finally, we find that the negative effects (unethical behavior)-but not the positive effects (satisfaction with the negotiation, trust, and willingness to work in the future with the negotiation partner)-of high rapport are reduced when negotiators are given a simple reminder before negotiations begin that one's actions can have long-term repercussions for one's reputation. Taken together, this research supports the idea that, despite its several advantages, in certain situations rapport has a dark side, of which negotiators must be wary. Disciplines THE DARK SIDE OF RAPPORT: AGENT MISBEHAVIOR FACE-TO-FACE AND ONLINE ABSTRACTA considerable body of research has extolled the virtues of establishing rapport in negotiations.Negotiators who are high in rapport tend to be more likely to reach an agreement and more satisfied with the outcome. Although rapport generally has been found to have positive effects in standard negotiation settings, we investigate the effects of rapport in impasse settings, where conflict between negotiators' core needs means that a successful deal can only be reached when one or both parties acts unethically or "misbehaves," for example, by lying to the negotiation partner. In a series of three experiments, we find that negotiators who have a high level of rapport are more likely to behave unethically than negotiators who have a low level of rapport. We find this effect holds both when high rapport results from the way in which negotiations are conducted (face-to-face vs. computer mediated) and also when rapport was established through a brief rapport-building exercise before negotiations began. Finally, we find that the negative effects (unethical behavior)-but not the positive effects (satisfaction with the negotiation, trust, and willingness to work in the future with the negotiation partner)-of high rapport are reduced when negotiators are given a simple reminder before negotiations begin that one's actions can have long-term repercussions for one's reputation. Taken together, this ...

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Eliciting Empathy for Adults in Chronic Pain through Autobiographical Memory Sharing

Bluck

Baron

Ainsworth

et al. 2012

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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SummaryTwo studies (N = 80; N = 91) investigated whether sharing an autobiographical memory increases empathy for a person experiencing chronic pain. Across studies, empathy was assessed after reading a pain‐related narrative of either a 25‐ or 85‐year‐old target and again after assignment to one of two recall conditions. Conditions involved recalling a pain‐related autobiographical memory (Studies 1 and 2), or as comparisons, recalling the target's pain narrative (Study 1) or recalling a character in pain from a movie (Study 2). Looking across both studies, empathy levels appear to increase after sharing an autobiographical memory but not in the comparison conditions. Increases in empathy were related to trait‐level agreeableness. When target‐age differences emerged (Study 2), participants felt greater empathy for the older person. Findings are discussed in terms of the function of autobiographical memory in eliciting pro‐social emotions such as empathy and implications for training empathic responding. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Interactional Synchrony and Rapport: Measuring Synchrony in Displays Devoid of Sound and Facial Affect

Cited by 220 publications

References 23 publications

Frame-differencing methods for measuring bodily synchrony in conversation

Frame-differencing methods for measuring bodily synchrony in conversation

The Dark Side of Rapport: Agent Misbehavior Face-to-Face and Online

Eliciting Empathy for Adults in Chronic Pain through Autobiographical Memory Sharing

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