Interactions between antibiotics and heavy metals determine their combined toxicity to Synechocystis sp.

Single and combined exposure to micro(nano)plastics and azithromycin disturbing the photosynthetic carbon fixation of Synechocystis sp.

“…The generated ROS was quantified by a fluorescence method with a 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) probe, as previously described by You et al 23 To determine the effects of MNPs or/and AZM on the membrane integrity, propidium iodide (PI) was used to stain the cells with a permeable membrane. 24 The fluorescence of cells stained with PI was measured by laser confocal scanning microscopy (ZEISS, LSM700), and the proportion of cells with increased membrane permeability was calculated as the proportion of PI-stained cells to the total cells of each sample.…”

“…33 Moreover, the Enrichment Map plugin in Cytoscape (v3.8.1) was employed to visualize the significantly enriched GO terms according to the previously described method. 23 The GO terms with similar functions were further clustered and labeled using the AutoAnnotate plugin in the Cytoscape. 33…”

Antimicrobial and the Resistances in the Environment: Ecological and Health Risks, Influencing Factors, and Mitigation Strategies

“…Different metal ions can promote or inhibit the adsorption of antimicrobials by microplastics [ 102 ]. Recently, a report suggested that interactions between antimicrobials and heavy metals influenced toxic effects; for example, the complexation of Cu 2+ /Cd 2+ with chlortetracycline produced antagonistic toxicity to cyanobacteria [ 103 ]. In addition, some studies have revealed that residues in the environment of tetracycline and sulfonamides could bind metal ions such as Fe 2+ /Cu 2+ formation of antimicrobial-metal complexes, which had more serious persistence and toxicity [ 104 , 105 ].…”

Highly Dispersed Magnetite Nanoparticles on Biochar with Sulfonation Modification for Simultaneous Removal of Arsenite and Tetracycline from Aqueous Solutions: Performance and Mechanistic Insight

“…The increasing toxicity and complexity due to the combined pollution of heavy metals and antibiotics in aqueous media, arising from worldwide urbanization and industrialization, is causing public concern over environmental issues. − As a result of natural and anthropogenic activities including waste discharge, rock weathering, and mining, high levels of arsenic (up to 1350 μg/L) have been frequently detected in groundwater in the northwest of China, for example, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang Uighur, and Guizhou province, which markedly exceed the detection limit (10 μg/L) set by the World Health Organization (WHO) . Meanwhile, in the rural areas contaminated by arsenic, pharmaceutical antibiotics (e.g., tetracycline) used for animals and humans to treat infectious diseases are often directly released into domestic sewage, which will be reutilized for irrigation of farmland and inevitably lead to the antibiotic pollution of groundwater. , Excessive and long-term exposure to heavy metals and antibiotics can adversely affect the growth of animals and plants and even cause a series of health-related problems such as cancer, neurotoxicity, and chronic kidney disease through migration and the food chain. − Recent studies have demonstrated that the presence of tetracycline could reduce the immobility of arsenic in aqueous solutions, and meanwhile, the presence of high concentrations of arsenic also inhibited the removal of tetracycline. ,, Undoubtedly, their interactive behavior adversely affects the overall treatment efficiency. Therefore, the simultaneous removal of arsenic and tetracycline is of great necessity but remains a significant challenge in the water treatment process.…”