“… Defects, including free radicals, nonradiative states, and dangling bonds, on the surface of pristine 0D CNMs negatively affect the fluorescence emission . Defects comprise a diverse range of functional groups, including −OH, −OR, −SH, −SR, −CHO, −COR, −COOH, CONHR, −NH 2 , −NHR, −NR 2 , −NHCOR, and polymer molecules, in which electron-withdrawing groups decrease LUMO levels, ,− while electron-donating moieties raise HOMO levels. Thus, electrons trapped by the formed surface states could facilitate a high yield of radiative recombination and, furthermore, considerably enhance the emission stability and QYs .…”