Interactions Between Platelets and the Coagulation System

Cell Fusion as a Link between the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein, COVID-19 Complications, and Vaccine Side Effects

“…First, PS externalization resulting from scramblase activity not only enables cell fusion but also controls the rate limiting steps of the blood coagulation cascade [9][10][11] (Fig. 1).…”

“…Third, viral infections cause thrombosis primarily by triggering the assembly of what is called the fuse that triggers blood coagulation cascade. 13,14 This fuse, also known as extrinsic tenase, is formed by Tissue Factor (TF) and Factor VIIa on the outer surface of the cellular membrane enriched externalized PS 11 (Fig. 1).…”

“…10 How PS externalization is induced in TF-expressing cells is unclear. 11 The syncytial tenase hypothesis. The synergy of TF and externalized PS in activating FVIIa, and the report that spike-induced syncytia externalize PS, 3 together suggest a hypothesis that these syncytia can be a platform for assembling extrinsic tenase capable of triggering the blood coagulation cascade (Fig.…”

On the Consequences of Cell Fusion in COVID-19 Patients

“…What could this link be? I would like to suggest as a candidate the scramblase activity induced by spike-mediated fusion because PS externalization resulting from this activity not only enables cell fusion but also controls the rate limiting steps of the blood coagulation cascade (Zwaal, Comfurius and Bevers, 1998;Grover and Mackman, 2018;Smith and Morrissey, 2019) (Fig. 1).…”

“…The primary candidate for the de-encrypter is externalized PS [Grover 2018]. How PS externaliza-tion is induced in TF-expressing cells is unclear (Smith and Morrissey, 2019).…”