Interactions between T and B Cells: A Review

Waldmann, Herman

doi:10.1177/014107687907200311

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Lymphocytes consist mainly of T cells, whereas B and NK cells are observed in low percentages (Outteridge and Lee, 1988;Lee et al, 1989). Research on the interaction of lymphocyte subpopulations revealed that B cells require the help of T cells to produce specific antibodies (Waldmann, 1979). The interaction of T and B lymphocytes in apparently healthy mammary glands with SCC ≤100,000 cells/mL remains poorly investigated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CD2/CD21 index: A new marker to evaluate udder health in dairy cows

Schwarz

Rivas

König

et al. 2013

Journal of Dairy Science

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Lymphocytes play a significant role in the immunological processes of the bovine mammary gland and were found to be the dominant cell population in the milk of healthy udder quarters. The objective of this study was to investigate the quantitative relationship between CD2 + T and CD21 + B lymphocytes using flow cytometry. In a first study, quarter foremilk samples from apparently healthy udder quarters [somatic cell counts (SCC) ≤100,000 cells/mL; n = 65] were analyzed and compared with diseased quarters (SCC >100,000 cells/mL; n = 15). Percentages of CD2 + T cells were significantly higher in milk samples with SCC ≤100,000 cells/mL than in those with SCC >100,000 cells/mL, whereas percentages of CD21 + B cells developed in the opposite direction. As a result of this opposing trend, a new variable, the CD2/CD21 index-representing the percentages of CD2 + cells per CD21 + cells-was defined. Although diseased quarters with SCC >100,000 cells/mL and the detection of major pathogens revealed generally CD2/CD21 indices <10, values >10 were observed in apparently healthy quarters. Hence, a CD2/ CD21 index cutoff value of 10 may be suitable to aid differentiation between unsuspicious and microbiologically suspicious or diseased udder quarters. To test whether CD2/CD21 indices <10 were primarily related to pathogens, quarters with SCC ≤100,000 cells/mL and >100,000 cells/mL with different bacteriological status (culture negative, or minor or major pathogens) were selectively examined in a second biphasic study. In the first trial, 63 udder quarters were analyzed and 55 of these quarters were able to be sampled again in the second trial carried out 14 d later. In both trials, results of the first study were confirmed. Indeed, CD2/ CD21 indices <10 were also found in quarters showing SCC ≤100,000 cells/mL and containing minor or major pathogens at the time of the current or previous bacteriological analysis. The results of our examinations indicated a clear relationship between the CD2/CD21 index and the bacteriological status of the mammary gland. In combination with SCC, it offers a new marker for quick differentiation of unsuspicious and microbiologically suspicious or diseased udder quarters.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CD2/CD21 index: A new marker to evaluate udder health in dairy cows

Schwarz

Rivas

König

et al. 2013

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…Of those who went through heart surgeries, only the patients who went through surgeries that required thymectomy (ASD, VSD, TOF, and valve replacement) were chosen and their sj-TREC values (n = 19) are compared with patients who did not go through heart surgeries at all (n = 49) (b). (8,27). An additional evidence for the involvement of B cells and for the importance of T-B cell interaction is the decrease in patients' KREC values with age, a novel finding that was evident in our study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thymic and bone marrow output in individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome

Dar¹,

Gothelf²,

Korn

et al. 2015

Pediatr Res

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Articles Clinical Investigation nature publishing groupBackground: The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a congenital multisystem anomaly characterized by typical facial features, palatal anomalies, congenital heart defects, hypocalcemia, immunodeficiency, and cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms. The aim of our study was to investigate T-and B-lymphocyte characteristics associated with 22q11.2DS. Methods: Seventy-five individuals with 22q11.2DS were tested for T and B lymphocytes by examination of T-cell receptor rearrangement excision circles (TRECs) and B-cell κ-deleting recombination excision circles (KRECs), respectively. results: The 22q11.2DS individuals displayed low levels of TRECs, while exhibiting normal levels of KRECs. There was a significant positive correlation between TREC and KREC in the 22q11.2DS group, but not in controls. Both TREC and KREC levels showed a significant decrease with age and only TREC was low in 22q11.2DS individuals with recurrent infections. No difference in TREC levels was found between 22q11.2DS individuals who underwent heart surgery (with or without thymectomy) and those who did not. conclusion: T-cell immunodeficiency in 22q11.2DS includes low TREC levels, which may contribute to recurrent infections in individuals with this syndrome. A correlation between T-and B-cell abnormalities in 22q11.2DS was identified. The B-cell abnormalities could account for part of the immunological deficiency seen in 22q11.2DS. t he 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a multisystem congenital disorder caused by a microdeletion of one of the two copies of chromosome 22q11.2 (1-3). It occurs in ~1/4,000 live births and is characterized by typical facial features, palatal anomalies, congenital heart defects, hypocalcemia, immune deficits, intellectual disability and neuropsychiatric symptoms (4). The immunodeficiency in 22q11.2DS, which varies in its severity, appears in 65-77% of patients and leads to increased susceptibility to recurrent infections and higher rate of autoimmune disorders (5). While the major immunodeficiency in 22q11.2DS involves the cellular arm of the immune system (6), some humoral abnormalities have been described (7,8). The majority of 22q11.2DS individuals exhibit mild-to-moderate reductions in the number of T cells and only a mild deficit in T-cell function (6-9). The T-cell immunodeficiency is due to abnormal thymic migration in most cases and not necessarily due to a full thymic aplasia. Thus, residual microscopic nests of thymic epithelial cells account for some ability to produce T cells (8). Nevertheless, in ~1% of patients, there is a complete absence of thymus ("complete" DiGeorge syndrome), causing severe T-cell immunodeficiency, mimicking severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) phenotype (5,10), and should be diagnosed early in life. These patients might benefit from hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In the absence of a functional thymus, it appears that the immune reconstitution by HSCT is achieved through peripheral expansion of...

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“…It provides a signal for sustained T-cell proliferation by binding to high-affinity receptors on responsive cells and is important for the generation of immune responses in vivo. Receptors are also present on activated B cells [30] and inducible on monocytes by rlFNy [9,10] and LPS [29]. IL-2 augments human monocyte cytotoxicity [12] and microbicidal activity [29] in a poorly understood way.…”

Section: Il-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation of Monocytes—More than One Process

Carlsen

Prydz

1988

Scand J Immunol

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Monocytes and macrophages respond to a number of exogenous agents by alterations in metabolism and gene expression in a process loosely called 'activation'. The question arises whether these alterations in cellular activity are the pleiotropic effects of one programmed activation process or result from separately programmed activation pathways. We report that certain cytokines (interleukin 1 (IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta) and interleukin 2 (IL-2] which all activate monocytes, induce the synthesis of thromboplastin (TPL) and (IL-1 beta only) factor VII. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) do not induce monocyte procoagulant activity, although they both activate monocytes in several respects. Our data thus show that different states of activation are induced. Similar observations have been made by others using different systems.

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Interactions between T and B Cells: A Review

Cited by 8 publications

References 24 publications

CD2/CD21 index: A new marker to evaluate udder health in dairy cows

CD2/CD21 index: A new marker to evaluate udder health in dairy cows

Thymic and bone marrow output in individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome

Activation of Monocytes—More than One Process

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