Interactions Between Tumor Biology and Targeted Nanoplatforms for Imaging Applications

Abstract

Although considerable efforts have been conducted to diagnose, improve, and treat cancer in the past few decades, existing therapeutic options are insufficient, as mortality and morbidity rates remain high. Perhaps the best hope for substantial improvement lies in early detection. Recent advances in nanotechnology are expected to increase the current understanding of tumor biology, and will allow nanomaterials to be used for targeting and imaging both in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Owing to their intrinsic physicochemical characteristics, nanostructures (NSs) are valuable tools that have received much attention in nanoimaging. Consequently, rationally designed NSs have been successfully employed in cancer imaging for targeting cancer-specific or cancer-associated molecules and pathways. This review categorizes imaging and targeting approaches according to cancer type, and also highlights some new safe approaches involving membranecoated nanoparticles, tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles, circulating tumor cells, cell-free DNAs, and cancer stem cells in the hope of developing more precise targeting and multifunctional nanotechnology-based imaging probes in the future.

Quantifying and controlling bond multivalency for advanced nanoparticle targeting to cells

“…Let's also assume that the bond is under a force load, defined as f B , that will act to accelerate bond rupture. The observed kinetic reverse reaction rate, k r , can be expressed in terms of the intrinsic value, k o r , and f B , as follows: (6)…”

“…Recent reviews have highlighted various NP strategies aimed at enhancing imaging for diagnosis and drug efficacy for therapy [ 4 , 5 ]. Compared to alternative clinical contrast agents, NPs tend to exhibit higher sensitivity and/or specificity for abnormalities such as tumors due to selective delivery [ 6 ], including preclinical studies that have shown promise for computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, and positron emission tomography (see reviews: [ 7 , 8 ]). However, only a few NP imaging agents have been approved for clinical use [ 9 ].…”

Recent advances in development of dendritic polymer‐based nanomedicines for cancer diagnosis

“…Active targeting of nanomaterials has been covered in most recent reviews, including various tumor‐specific targeting locations (tumor microenvironment, tumor neo‐vasculature, and cancer cells) along with corresponding active targeting strategies, and several targeting ligands (Azizi et al, 2020; Mi, Cabral, & Kataoka, 2020). One of the major advantages of the dendritic nano‐scale system in the design of tumor active targeting is their high density and the availability of multiple terminal groups.…”

Decylubiquinone Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Growth Through Upregulating Sirtuin2

“…Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer death (Azizi et al, 2020). Globally, approximately 1.8 million cases were diagnosed in 2018 (Azizi et al, 2020).…”

“…Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer death (Azizi et al, 2020). Globally, approximately 1.8 million cases were diagnosed in 2018 (Azizi et al, 2020). In the United States, it is estimated that nearly 150,000 new cases are diagnosed as CRC and 52,000 people die each year (O'Leary et al, 2020).…”