Interactions in and between Strategic Action Fields

Abstract

This study addresses how multinational corporations and protesters in an environmental struggle learn from the proximate struggles within the same field and how they structure the broader institutional field. Drawing on the literature integrating the social movement and new institutional theory, particularly the “strategic action fields” (SAFs) approach of Fligstein and McAdam, the authors comparatively study the interactions in and between two sequential environmental struggles in the field of gold mining in Turkey. The findings suggest that the interactive processes in an SAF and their consequences are largely built on the lessons drawn from both “successes” and “failures” in the proximate SAF that preceded it. Furthermore, those actors that act proactively are more likely to stabilize the SAF according to their interests. Finally, state interventions from the outside create temporary stability that involves the acquiescence of challengers, whereas the consent-seeking actions of incumbents are more likely to generate a permanent stability, stabilizing the broader field.

A Corporate Social Responsibility Framework for Mining Sector Using Analytic Network Process

“…Regarding this movement, Ozen and Ozen (2010) state that there is a two-way relationship between public policies and social movements; on the one hand, public policies cause social movements, on the other hand those social movements bring about developments in social policies. However, it can be said that Turkish government took a neoliberal stance particularly in Bergama movement (Ozen & Ozen, 2011). Evaluating the Bergama protest movement, Coban (2004) supports this view and points that local communities" reactions were mostly environmental; nevertheless, the government took a stance in favour of mining companies and mining operations with the motivation of increasing economic growth and social welfare by attracting foreign investments.…”

Contesting post-communist economic development: gold extraction, local community, and rural decline in Romania

“…There were buses and coaches, people were brought here and paid to come from other areas". These arguments raise important questions about the role of external actors, pointing to attempts by capital to circumvent or exclude meaningful engagement with the community (see Özen and Özen 2011;Kojola and Lequieu 2020). It is important, therefore, to separate the position of the mining company from that of local communities, since there are important tensions between both positions, with very different understandings of extraction in play.…”

Şerefe Karşi Suçlar

“…TCK m. 125'te "bir kimsenin onur, şeref ve saygınlığına saldıran kişi" ifadesi yer almaktadır. Bundan hareketle suçun faili herhangi bir gerçek kişi olabilir 18 . Fail olabilmek için isnat yeteneğine sahip olmaya gerek yoktur.…”

“…Madde 125 açısından ise böyle bir düzenleme olmadığı için, kanun koyucunun tüzel kişiler hakkında böyle bir tedbire hük-medilmesini istemediği anlaşılmaktadır 20 . Bir tüzel kişiyi temsil ve idare etmeye yetkili kişilerin gerçekleştirdiği hakaret fiillerinden dolayı sadece bu fiilleri işleyen gerçek kişiler sorumludur 21 . Gerçek kişilerin sorumlu tutulabilmesi için ise, ceza ehliyetlerinin bulunması gerekir.…”