Interactions of Behavioral Changes in Smoking, High-risk Drinking, and Weight Gain in a Population of 7.2 Million in Korea

Abstract

Objectives To identify simultaneous behavioral changes in alcohol consumption, smoking, and weight using a fixed-effect model and to characterize their associations with disease status. Methods This study included 7 000 529 individuals who participated in the national biennial health-screening program every 2 years from 2009 to 2016 and were aged 40 or more. We reconstructed the data into an individual-level panel dataset with 4 waves. We used a fixed-effect model for smoking, heavy alcohol drinking, and overweight. The independent variables were sex, age, lifestyle factors, insurance contribution, employment status, and disease status. Results Becoming a high-risk drinker and losing weight were associated with initiation or resumption of smoking. Initiation or resumption of smoking and weight gain were associated with non-high-risk drinkers becoming high-risk drinkers. Smoking cessation and becoming a high-risk drinker were associated with normal-weight participants becoming overweight. Participants with newly acquired diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and cancer tended to stop smoking, discontinue high-risk drinking, and return to a normal weight. Conclusions These results obtained using a large-scale population-based database documented interactions among lifestyle factors over time.

A Prospective Study of Cigarette Smoking and Risk of 10-Years Incidence of Hypertension in men aged 20-74 years old; Yazd Healthy Heart Cohort Study (YHHC)

“…Some studies reported negative correlation for example a longitudinal study on 74,743 Korean adults with a mean 29 month follow up reported that cotinine-veri ed new smokers and sustained smokers had a lower risk for incident hypertension, especially men smokers, compared with non-smokers( 19) also a longitudinal study with 2,427 Turkish adults showed current smoking is inversely associated with hypertension incidence by reducing waist circumference specially in women(26) But sohn (20) and our study reported no effect of weight in the in correlation between smoking and hypertension. Although the effect of smoking on BMI or body weight is inconsistent (19,25,(32)(33)(34) obesity is an important risk factor of hypertension incidence in the literature(8, 35) and in our study. Some studies showed positive correlation between smoking and incident hypertension.…”