Interactions of Foodborne Pathogens with Free‐living Protozoa: Potential Consequences for Food Safety

Vaerewijck, Mario; Baré, Julie; Lambrecht, Ellen; Sabbe, Koen; Houf, Kurt

doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12100

Cited by 41 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 287 publications

(376 reference statements)

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“…(Gaze et al, 2003;Tezcan-Merdol et al, 2004), Staphylococcus aureus (Huws et al, 2008), Arcobacter butzleri (Medina et al, 2014) and Yersinia enterocolitica (Lambrecht et al, 2013). However intraprotozoan survival and/or replication depend on various factors such as bacterial strain and environmental conditions (Schuppler, 2014;Vaerewijck et al, 2014). As a result, FLP can act as vectors, introducing pathogens into novel habitats, or as transmission routes toward hosts (Berk et al, 1998;Bouyer et al, 2007;Brandl et al, 2005;Matz and Kjelleberg, 2005;Snelling et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, they can also act as a protective niche or shelter for bacteria against harsh environmental conditions (Barker and Brown, 1994;King et al, 1988;Snelling et al, 2005), or even as training grounds and evolutionary cribs for foodborne pathogens (Molmeret et al, 2005), enhancing bacterial virulence and mediating bacterial gene transfer. This points toward a role of FLP in the epidemiology of foodborne pathogenic bacteria with significant implications for food safety and public health International Journal of Food Microbiology 191 (2014) [89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96] (Gourabathini et al, 2008;Greub and Raoult, 2004;Thomas et al, 2010;Vaerewijck et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Co-occurrence of free-living protozoa and foodborne pathogens on dishcloths: Implications for food safety

Chavatte

Baré

Lambrecht

et al. 2014

International Journal of Food Microbiology

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In the present study, the occurrence of free-living protozoa (FLP) and foodborne bacterial pathogens on dishcloths was investigated. Dishcloths form a potentially important source of cross-contamination with FLP and foodborne pathogens in food-related environments. First various protocols for recovering and quantifying FLP from dishcloths were assessed. The stomacher technique is recommended to recover flagellates and amoebae from dishcloths. Ciliates, however, were more efficiently recovered using centrifugation. For enumeration of freeliving protozoa on dishcloths, the Most Probable Number method is a convenient method. Enrichment was used to assess FLP diversity on dishcloths (n = 38). FLP were found on 89% of the examined dishcloths; 100% of these tested positive for amoebae, 71% for flagellates and 47% for ciliates. Diversity was dominated by amoebae: vahlkampfiids, vannellids, Acanthamoeba spp., Hyperamoeba sp. and Vermamoeba vermiformis were most common. The ciliate genus Colpoda was especially abundant on dishcloths while heterotrophic nanoflagellates mainly belonged to the genus Bodo, the glissomonads and cercomonads. The total number of FLP in used dishcloths ranged from 10 to 10 4 MPN/cm 2 . Flagellates were the most abundant group, and ciliates the least abundant. Detergent use was identified as a prime determinant of FLP concentrations on used dishcloths. Bacterial load on dishcloths was high, with a mean total of aerobic bacteria of 7.47 log 10 cfu/cm 2 . Escherichia coli was detected in 68% (26/38) of the used dishcloths, with concentrations up to 4 log 10 cfu/cm 2 . Foodborne pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus (19/38), Arcobacter butzleri (5/38) and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ser. Halle (1/38) were also present. This study showed for the first time that FLP, including some opportunistic pathogens, are a common and diverse group on dishcloths. Moreover, important foodborne pathogens are also regularly recovered. This simultaneous occurrence makes dishcloths a potential risk factor for cross-contamination and a microbial niche for bacteria-FLP interactions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-occurrence of free-living protozoa and foodborne pathogens on dishcloths: Implications for food safety

Chavatte

Baré

Lambrecht

et al. 2014

International Journal of Food Microbiology

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“…avium, M. aurum, M. bohemicum, M. chelonae, M. fortuitum, M. gastri, M. goodii, M. gordonae, M. immunogenum, M. intracellulare, M. kansasii, M. lentiflavum, M. mageritense, M. malmoense, M. marinum, M. massiliense, M. mucogenicum, M. peregrinum, M. porcinum, M. septicum, M. simiae, M. smegmatis, M. szulgai, M. terrae, M. tusciae, Shigella dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. sonnei Reservoir (transmission reservoir) (Adekambi et al, 2006;Saeed et al, 2009; (Snelling et al, 2006;Thomas et al, 2010) A. rhysodes Salmonella spp. Mediator (Vaerewijck et al, 2014) Salmonella enterica Reservoir (Tezcan-Merdol et al, 2004) Acanthamoeba spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mediator (Vaerewijck et al, 2014) Afipia birgiae, A. broomae, A. felis, A. massiliensis Facultative intracellular Balamuthia spp.…”

Section: Legionella Pneumophilamentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between Free-Living Amoeba and their Intracellular Bacteria

Rubeniņa

Kirjušina

Bērziņš

et al. 2017

Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences.

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An increasing number of bacteria have been described as benefiting from interaction with free-living amoeba. The most common association between free-living amoeba and microorganisms is interaction of various non-pathogenic and pathogenic bacterial species with amoeba. Various pathogenic bacterial species have capacity to resist digestion by free-living amoeba, which has been observed by many researchers. Also, several of these pathogens are able to resist digestion by macrophages. In addition, free-living amoeba have been associated with several diseases in humans. Acanthamniioeba castella is an important predator of bacteria. It is a ubiquitous organism in water, soil, and air. Attention from a public health perspective is needed by investigation of interaction of foodborne pathogens and free-living amoeba. Bacteria can use free-living amoeba as reservoirs, mediators or vehicles, an infection route, “biological gym” and evolutionary crib or interaction may result in a close endosymbiotic relationship. The purpose of this review is to describe the interaction mechanisms between free-living amoeba and common bacteria species that survive in host cells.

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“…These so-called "digestion-resistant bacteria" can survive and even grow inside their FLP hosts (5). These hosts thus effectively act as a reservoir, shelter, and vector for the bacteria and can as such play an important role in their ecology (3,6). Intracellular association with FLP has also been demonstrated for human-pathogenic bacteria (7,8), including food-related pathogens (e.g., see references 5, 9, and 10).…”

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confidence: 99%

Protozoan Cysts Act as a Survival Niche and Protective Shelter for Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria

Lambrecht

Baré

Chavatte

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The production of cysts, an integral part of the life cycle of many free-living protozoa, allows these organisms to survive adverse environmental conditions. Given the prevalence of free-living protozoa in food-related environments, it is hypothesized that these organisms play an important yet currently underinvestigated role in the epidemiology of foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Intracystic bacterial survival is highly relevant, as this would allow bacteria to survive the stringent cleaning and disinfection measures applied in food-related environments. The present study shows that strains of widespread and important foodborne bacteria (Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Listeria monocytogenes) survive inside cysts of the ubiquitous amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii, even when exposed to either antibiotic treatment (100 g/ml gentamicin) or highly acidic conditions (pH 0.2) and resume active growth in broth media following excystment. Strain-and species-specific differences in survival periods were observed, with Salmonella enterica surviving up to 3 weeks inside amoebal cysts. Up to 53% of the cysts were infected with pathogenic bacteria, which were located in the cyst cytosol. Our study suggests that the role of free-living protozoa and especially their cysts in the persistence and epidemiology of foodborne bacterial pathogens in food-related environments may be much more important than hitherto assumed. Foodborne pathogenic bacteria are a major cause of foodborne illness and have important implications for human public health along with economic consequences (1). Despite thorough disinfection protocols and hygiene monitoring during food production and processing, pathogenic bacteria often persist in foodrelated environments and on food, suggesting that our knowledge about the transmission routes and epidemiology of foodborne pathogenic bacteria is still incomplete.Recent studies have shown that bacteria can benefit from intracellular associations with free-living protozoa (FLP) (2, 3), heterotrophic eukaryotic microorganisms that are common in natural aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems (4). Although FLP feed on bacteria, some bacteria resist digestion. These so-called "digestion-resistant bacteria" can survive and even grow inside their FLP hosts (5). These hosts thus effectively act as a reservoir, shelter, and vector for the bacteria and can as such play an important role in their ecology (3, 6). Intracellular association with FLP has also been demonstrated for human-pathogenic bacteria (7, 8), including food-related pathogens (e.g., see references 5, 9, and 10). As FLP have been isolated from diverse food-related habitats, such as broiler houses (11-13), meat cutting plants (14), domestic refrigerators (15), and vegetables (16,17), this suggests that FLP may be implicated in the epidemiology of foodborne pathogens.Many FLP have two life cycle stages: the trophozoite and the dormant cyst. The former is the actively feeding stage, preying on bacteria, algae, viruses, yeast, and ...

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Interactions of Foodborne Pathogens with Free‐living Protozoa: Potential Consequences for Food Safety

Cited by 41 publications

References 287 publications

Co-occurrence of free-living protozoa and foodborne pathogens on dishcloths: Implications for food safety

Co-occurrence of free-living protozoa and foodborne pathogens on dishcloths: Implications for food safety

Relationships between Free-Living Amoeba and their Intracellular Bacteria

Protozoan Cysts Act as a Survival Niche and Protective Shelter for Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria

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