With expanding applications of hydrogels in diverse fields
ranging from biomaterials to sensors, actuators, and soft robotics,
there is an urgent need to endow one single gel with multiple physicochemical
properties, such as stimuli-responsiveness, injectability, self-healing,
and tunable internal structures. However, it is challenging to simultaneously
incorporate these highly sought-after properties into one single gel.
Herein, a conceptual hydrogel system with all of these properties
is presented via combining bioconjugate chemistry, filamentous viruses,
and dynamic covalent bonds. Nanofilamentous bioconjugates with diol
affinity were prepared by coupling a tailor-synthesized low-pK
a phenylboronic acid (PBA) derivative to a well-defined
green nanofiber the M13 virus with a high aspect ratio (PBA-M13).
Dynamic hydrogels with tunable mechanical strength were prepared by
using multiple diol-containing agents such as poly(vinyl alcohol)
to cross-link such PBA-M13 via the classic boronic–diol dynamic
bonds. The as-prepared hydrogels exhibit excellent injectability and
self-healing behaviors as well as easy chemical accessibility of the
PBA moieties on the virus backbone inside the gel matrix. Ordered
internal structures were imparted into virus-based hydrogels by simple
shear-induced alignment of the virus nanofibers. Furthermore, unique
hydrogels with chiral internal structures were fabricated through
in situ gelation induced by diffusion of diol-containing molecules
to fix the chiral liquid crystal phase of the PBA-M13 virus. Sugar
responsiveness of this gel leads to a glucose-regulated release behavior
of payloads such as insulin. All of these properties have been implemented
at physiological pH, which will facilitate future applications of
these hydrogels as biomaterials.