Interactions of Nanoparticles and Biosystems: Microenvironment of Nanoparticles and Biomolecules in Nanomedicine

Abstract

Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary science covering matters involving the nanoscale level that is being developed for a great variety of applications. Nanomedicine is one of these attractive and challenging uses focused on the employment of nanomaterials in medical applications such as drug delivery. However, handling these nanometric systems require defining specific parameters to establish the possible advantages and disadvantages in specific applications. This review presents the fundamental factors of nanoparticles and its microenvironment that must be considered to make an appropriate design for medical applications, mainly: (i) Interactions between nanoparticles and their biological environment, (ii) the interaction mechanisms, (iii) and the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles. On the other hand, the repercussions of the control, alter and modify these parameters in the biomedical applications. Additionally, we briefly report the implications of nanoparticles in nanomedicine and precision medicine, and provide perspectives in immunotherapy, which is opening novel applications as immune-oncology.

Detection of Human p53 In-Vitro Expressed in a Transcription-Translation Cell-Free System by a Novel Conjugate Based on Cadmium Sulphide Nanoparticles

“…Temperature is a critical parameter in the formation of nanocrystal and also in the hydrolysis reaction of thioacetamide, because it plays an important role in the study of CdS. In this study, among the studied synthesis methods [26], it was observed that better synthesis yields are achieved at low temperature. In these cases, small CdS nanoparticles are obtained with high stability and fluorescence.…”

“…IVTT enables not only in situ transcription-translation of human proteins directly from cDNA, but also post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation and glycosylation, among others. Compared to other conventional protein expression systems, IVTT can produce functional properly folded proteins of any size in a less complex manner while still being a highly efficient procedure; in fact, it has been adopted as a useful strategy in the Human Proteome Project (www.hupo.org) [26,27].…”

Biofunctionalization of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Biocomposites for Biomedical Applications

“…The influence of NP parameters, such as size, shape, charge, colloidal stability, corrosion, stiffness and so forth, on interactions with molecules, living cells and animal models has been researched. However, interfacing inorganic NPs with biological settings have led to the most influential and outstanding discoveries [130][131][132]. For that reason, even though inorganic NPs are not considered biomolecules, their multiple biomedical applications and the various advantages offered when combined with biocomposites has led the authors to open an exception and include them in this section.…”

Bio-functionalized (Ag-Ser) Nanoparticle Synthesis and Characterization for Biomedical Platforms

“…Nanoparticle interaction with biological matrix is greatly affected by the morphology of the particle, surface chemistry, functionalization, and electronic and physicochemical properties. Understanding of biointerface science for nanoparticle and bio-matrix interaction mainly depends on particle size and surface characteristics [2].…”