Interactive Effects of Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Drought on Wheat

Wall, Gerard W.; Garcia, Richard L.; Kimball, Bruce A.; Hunsaker, Douglas J.; Pinter, P. J.; Long, Stephen P.; Osborne, Colin P.; Hendrix, Donald L.; Wechsung, Frank; Wechsung, G.; Leavitt, Steven W.; LaMorte, R. L.; Idso, Sherwood B.

doi:10.2134/agronj2004.0089

Cited by 100 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 84 publications

(132 reference statements)

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“…For example, heat-induced shortening of the grain-filling stage could limit the benefits from higher CO 2 ; conversely, improved water-use efficiency from higher CO 2 may help to reduce negative impacts of VPD increases or rainfall declines. Decades of plotlevel (Kim et al, 2007;Shimono et al, 2007;Markelz et al, 2011) and open-air field Wall et al, 2006;Zhu et al, 2011) experiments as well as simulation modeling exercises (Long, 1991;Brown and Rosenberg, 1997;Grant et al, 2004) have been dedicated toward understanding the net impact of interactions between competing global change mechanisms at small scales. However, the results have not always been conclusive, especially at regional scales relevant for projecting the future response of overall crop production to changing environmental conditions.…”

Section: Crop Response To Global Change Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Climate Change on Global Crop Productivity

2012

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Climate trends over the past few decades have been fairly rapid in many agricultural regions around the world, and increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and ozone (O 3 ) levels have also been ubiquitous. The virtual certainty that climate and CO 2 will continue to trend in the future raises many questions related to food security, one of which is whether the aggregate productivity of global agriculture will be affected. We outline the mechanisms by which these changes affect crop yields and present estimates of past and future impacts of climate and CO 2 trends. The review focuses on global scale grain productivity, notwithstanding the many other scales and outcomes of interest to food security. Over the next few decades, CO 2 trends will likely increase global yields by roughly 1.8% per decade. At the same time, warming trends are likely to reduce global yields by roughly 1.5% per decade without effective adaptation, with a plausible range from roughly 0% to 4%. The upper end of this range is half of the expected 8% rate of gain from technological and management improvements over the next few decades. Many global change factors that will likely challenge yields, including higher O 3 and greater rainfall intensity, are not considered in most current assessments.Many factors will shape global food security over the next few decades, including changes in rates of human population growth, income growth and distribution, dietary preferences, disease incidence, increased demand for land and water resources for other uses (i.e. bioenergy production, carbon sequestration, and urban development), and rates of improvement in agricultural productivity. This latter factor, which we define here simply as crop yield (i.e., metric tons of grain production per hectare of land), is a particular emphasis of the plant science community, as researchers and farmers seek to sustain the impressive historical gains associated with improved genetics and agronomic management of major food crops.Sources of growth in agricultural productivity are also multifaceted and include levels of funding for public and private research and development, changes in soil quality, availability and cost of mineral fertilizers, atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and ozone (O 3 ), and changes in temperature (T) and precipitation (P) conditions. This Update focuses on changes in weather, CO 2 , and O 3 in agricultural areas and how that has affected and will affect crop productivity. In doing so, we recognize that this is only part of the fuller story on crop productivity, which in turn is only part of the fuller story on future food security. For example, this Update is silent on the many ways that global change can influence food security via pathways other than agricultural productivity, such as by influencing human disease incidence or income growth rates.The main question of interest here is the following: how important will climate change and CO 2 be in shaping future crop yields at the global scale, relative to the many other factors that i...

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Section: Crop Response To Global Change Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Climate Change on Global Crop Productivity

2012

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“…It would be premature, however, to draw any firm conclusion with respect to the impacts of elevated CO 2 on cyanogenesis in cassava given the limited number of studies. Given that plants grown at elevated CO 2 generally have improved water use efficiency [187,210,211], it is possible that any increase in cyanogens in plants in response to future increases in CO 2 will be countered by improved plant water-status in the field. Again, this is an area we consider significant and further studies should be of high priority.…”

Section: Cassava Production In a High Co 2 Worldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cassava: The Drought, War and Famine Crop in a Changing World

et al. 2010

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Cassava is the sixth most important crop, in terms of global annual production. Cassava is grown primarily for its starchy tuberous roots, which are an important staple for more than 800 million people, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa, but also in other parts of Africa, Asia, the Pacific and South America. Cassava is important for both small-scale farmers and larger-scale plantations due to its low requirement for nutrients, ability to tolerate dry conditions and easy low-cost propagation. It is sometimes referred to as the "drought, war and famine crop of the developing world" and reliance upon this crop is expected to increase in the coming years as the global climate changes. As with all crops, cassava presents some challenges which need to be addressed, especially if its production is to continue to expand. We highlight here a number of key issues around the continued and increased reliance upon cassava as a staple food crop. Cassava contains cyanogenic glycosides that release hydrogen cyanide and many cultivars are toxic if not processed before consumption. The degree of toxicity is altered by plant breeding, agricultural practice, environmental conditions and methods of food preparation. We conclude that use OPEN ACCESSSustainability 2010, 2 3573 of cassava has the potential to help many countries achieve food security in a sustainable manner, in the face of significant environmental change, but that its introduction should be accompanied by appropriate education about its toxicity.

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“…As has previously been suggested, increasing [CO 2 ] reduces crop stomatal conductance, decreasing ET and, consequently, conserving soil water. Wall et al (2006) found that in wheat, such a mechanism enhanced yield, growth, and photosynthesis. In fully irrigated crops, however, Ottman et al (2001) did not find such positive effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adapting wheat sowing dates to projected climate change in the Australian subtropics: analysis of crop water use and yield

Cammarano

Payero²,

Basso

et al. 2012

Crop Pasture Sci.

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Abstract. Projected increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) and air temperature associated with future climate change are expected to affect crop development, crop yield, and, consequently, global food supplies. They are also likely to change agricultural production practices, especially those related to agricultural water management and sowing date. The magnitude of these changes and their implications to local production systems are mostly unknown. The objectives of this study were to: (i) simulate the effect of projected climate change on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Lang) yield and water use for the subtropical environment of the Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia; and (ii) investigate the impact of changing sowing date, as an adaptation strategy to future climate change scenarios, on wheat yield and water use. The multimodel climate projections from the IPCC Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) for the period 2030-2070 were used in this study. Climate scenarios included combinations of four changes in air temperature (08C, 18C, 28C, and 38C), three [CO 2 ] levels (380 ppm, 500 ppm, and 600 ppm), and three changes in rainfall (-30%, 0%, and +20%), which were superimposed on observed station data. Crop management scenarios included a combination of six sowing dates (1 May, 10 May, 20 May, 1 June, 10 June, and 20 June) and three irrigation regimes (no irrigation (NI), deficit irrigation (DI), and full irrigation (FI)). Simulations were performed with the model DSSAT 4.5, using 50 years of daily weather data. We found that: (1) grain yield and water-use efficiency (yield/evapotranspiration) increased linearly with [CO 2 ]; (2) increases in [CO 2 ] had minimal impact on evapotranspiration; (3) yield increased with increasing temperature for the irrigated scenarios (DI and FI), but decreased for the NI scenario; (4) yield increased with earlier sowing dates; and (5) changes in rainfall had a small impact on yield for DI and FI, but a high impact for the NI scenario.

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Interactive Effects of Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Drought on Wheat

Cited by 100 publications

References 84 publications

The Influence of Climate Change on Global Crop Productivity

The Influence of Climate Change on Global Crop Productivity

Cassava: The Drought, War and Famine Crop in a Changing World

Adapting wheat sowing dates to projected climate change in the Australian subtropics: analysis of crop water use and yield

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