“…Caveolae also regulate Rho GTPases. The loss of Cav1 impairs actin cytoskeleton equilibrium by the increased phosphorylation of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase that regulates small Rho GTPases [ 184 ], and it reduces RhoA-myosin II activation and increases the activity of Rac1/Cdc42-Pak1-cofilin, which results in a decrease in thick actin stress fibers and an increase in lamellipodia [ 10 , 151 , 185 , 186 , 187 ] through the activation of p190RhoGAP [ 10 , 11 , 35 , 188 ]. Caveolar components can also regulate RhoA signaling through other mechanisms, such as the PM targeting of Rac1, physical interactions, and rates of degradation, among others, and therefore influence cytoskeletal regulation [ 10 , 28 , 95 , 189 , 190 ].…”