Interactive virtual endoscopy.

Jolesz, F.A.; Lorensen, William E.; Shinmoto, Hiroshi; Atsumi, Hidetoshi; Nakajima, Steven T.; Kavanaugh, Peter; Saiviroonporn, Pairash; Seltzer, S E; Silverman, Stuart G.; Phillips, Margaret A.; Kikinis, Ron

doi:10.2214/ajr.169.5.9353433

Cited by 96 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…Volume-rendered techniques utilize the complete 3-D data set and allow for the display of the reconstructed inner surface as well as the outer surface. [20] The latter is more costly when one considers disc storage and the calculation time required for the regeneration of the 3-D reconstruction.…”

Section: Rendering Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cubic splines are used to calculate intermediate parameter values at the resolution of the operator's choice prior to movement in the environment. [20,23] The key camera location and orientation are manually controlled. The final virtual camera model is that of automatic path planning.…”

Section: Image Manipulation and Viewing Techniques And Interfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[20] These parameters were as follows: 120 KVP, 165 milliamps, 20 to 40-second exposures with 5 to 3-mm collimations, and 5 to 6-mm/second table feed (pitch 1:2). The matrix was 512 X 512.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Virtual endoscopic environments in modern neurosurgical practice

Levy¹,

Chen²,

Amar³

et al. 1999

FOC

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Modern radiographic techniques have allowed the creation of high-definition planar images that can provide important anatomical as well as physiological data. Planar imaging sets can be reformatted into three-dimensional (3-D) data sets that can then be manipulated to demonstrate important anatomical or gross pathological features. Three-dimensional data sets have been used with success in modern image-guided or frameless stereotactic surgery. Another potential application is so-called "virtual endoscopy" or "scopeless endoscopy," in which a 3-D anatomical data set is reformatted into a volume-rendered image that can then be viewed. By reformatting images in this way, a "surgeon's-eye" view can be obtained, which can aid in presurgical planning and diagnosis. The use of virtual endoscopy has the potential to increase our understanding of the appropriate anatomy and the anatomical relationships most apparent during neurosurgical approaches. In so doing, virtual endoscopy may serve as an important means of planning for therapeutic interventions. On the other hand, one must always be cognizant of the technical limitations of these studies regardless of the quality of the reconstructed images. Prospective, correlative, clinical studies in which the anatomical advantages of virtual-based endoscopy are evaluated in large cadaver or patient series must be performed. Until then, the only potential ways to compensate for errors that exist in the algorithms and reconstructions of 3-D endoscopic images are based on the surgeon's understanding of the clinical state of the patient and prior experience with the anatomy in the region of question.

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Section: Rendering Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Image Manipulation and Viewing Techniques And Interfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Virtual endoscopic environments in modern neurosurgical practice

Levy¹,

Chen²,

Amar³

et al. 1999

FOC

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“…Using the optimum threshold obtained in the phantom study, we obtained MRVE images of 40 gallbladders, 48 bile ducts, and 47 pancreatic ducts. Visualization of the lumen and the clinical usefulness of the MRVE images in each region were compared with ERCP and/or MIP and coronal MPR images of the MRCP and categorized by 2 radiologists and a surgeon into 5 grades after consultation: excellent (5), good (4), equal (3), poor (2), and very poor (1). In comparison with ERCP and/or MIP and coronal MPR images of MRCP, appropriate visualization of the lumina and more deˆnite identiˆcation of lesions were deˆned as``excellent.''…”

Section: Clinical Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 These 3D data can be used with MR virtual endoscopy (MRVE) with volume rendering to visualize the lumina of the gallbladder, bile duct, and pancreatic duct. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] In MRVE, it is important to determine the optimum threshold for actual observation of the lumina of the structures of interest. Under suboptimal threshold settings, the internal aspect is disturbed and visualized inappropriately.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MR Virtual Endoscopy for Biliary Tract and Pancreatic Duct

Azuma

Yamaguchi

Iida

et al. 2007

MRMS

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Developments in magnetic resonance (MR) equipment and techniques have been remarkable. Especially, respiratory-triggered three-dimensional MR cholangiopancreatography (3D-MRCP) has been developed to provide images with high spatial resolution of the biliary tract and pancreatic duct. These 3D data can be employed in MR virtual endoscopy (MRVE) with volume rendering to visualize the lumina of the gallbladder, bile duct, and pancreatic duct. To observe the changes in the lumina with threshold settings on a workstation, we made an original phantom with tubes 2, 3, and 6 mm in internal diameter. We examined the changes in luminal diameter using several threshold settings by comparing the actual internal diameters to determine an appropriate threshold setting, which we then applied in 50 clinical cases, including pancreatic tumors, hepatic tumors, and biliary tract stones. We obtained MRVE images of the gallbladder, bile duct, and pancreatic duct to assess the clinical usefulness of this method. In the phantom study, a value identical to the actual luminal diameter could be obtained with a threshold of less than 20z. In all clinical cases, we obtained MRVE images of the gallbladder, bile duct, and pancreatic duct using the threshold we had determined appropriate and scored the diagnostic usefulness in each region. The MRVE images of the biliary tract provided much supplementary information, including the presence of stones and of duct invasion by the malignancy as wells as visualization of the post-stenotic portion. MRVE images of the gall bladder did not signiˆcantly improve diagnosis (P＝0.311), but those of the bile and pancreatic ducts did (Pº0.05). In addition, MRVE may aid navigation during cholangioscopy. Thus, MRVE is a clinically useful technique for examining lesions of the biliary tract and pancreas.

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