Interannual sea ice thickness variability in the Bay of Bothnia

Ronkainen, Iina; Lehtiranta, Jonni; Lensu, Mikko; Rinne, Eero; Haapala, Jari; Haas, Christian

doi:10.5194/tc-12-3459-2018

Cited by 34 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The results are consistent with the inter-annual changes of air temperature. Maximum ice extent and ice volume for the entire Baltic Sea calculated from operational ice charts by SMHI (Samuelsen et al 2018; product references 3.7.5 and 3.7.6) and mean ice thickness for the Bothnian Bay (Ronkainen et al 2018) confirm the results of interannual variations of ice thickness and ice volume which are calculated from CS2SMOS product at selected locations in the Bothnian Bay and Bothnian Sea. No conclusive differences between the bias and RMSD in the Bothnian Sea and Bothnian Bay could be derived (Table 3.7.1), although ice conditions in the Bothnian Sea are more dynamic due to larger and variable open water area.…”

Section: Journal Of Operational Oceanography S65supporting

confidence: 75%

“…In the seasonally ice-covered Baltic Sea, in situ sea ice thickness measurements outside the fast ice zone (ice attached to the coastline, not drifting) are difficult to perform. Air-and shipborne electromagnetic soundings are considered to be the most accurate method to measure ice thickness in the drift ice zone where the contribution of the fractions of level and deformed ice thickness is included (Ronkainen et al 2018). The shortcomings of electromagnetic measurements are limited spatio-temporal coverage and uncertainties related to snow on the ice and porous ridge keels.…”

Section: Journal Of Operational Oceanography S65mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Operational sea ice charts (Karvonen et al 2003; product reference 3.7.3), which have been produced by combining in situ measurements, visual observations and Synthetic Aperture Radar data, are considered as the standard method for spatial mapping of the sea ice thickness in the Baltic Sea. Still, production of these maps includes a high degree of expert knowledge and these maps represent the typical thickness of level ice (Ronkainen et al 2018;Gegiuc et al 2018). Moreover, numerical model simulations of ice thickness, ice concentration and therefore ice volume have been improved over time, but have not reached sufficient accuracy at seasonal time scales (Vihma and Haapala 2009;Herman et al 2011;Pemberton et al 2017).…”

Section: Journal Of Operational Oceanography S65mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report, Issue 3

Schuckmann¹,

Traon²,

Smith³

et al. 2019

Journal of Operational Oceanography

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Section: Journal Of Operational Oceanography S65supporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Journal Of Operational Oceanography S65mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Journal Of Operational Oceanography S65mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report, Issue 3

Schuckmann¹,

Traon²,

Smith³

et al. 2019

Journal of Operational Oceanography

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“…For example, the fetch and directional spectrum of sea surface waves are determined by the wind speed and direction (e.g., Kahma and Pettersson 2005;Pettersson et al 2010). Winds likewise affect the spatial distribution of the sea level rise (e.g., Johansson et al 2014), the occurrence of coastal storm surges (e.g., Gaslikova et al 2013;Mäll et al 2017;Särkkä et al 2017), coastal upwelling (Goubanova et al 2011Alvarez et al 2017), accumulation of pack ice on downwind coasts (Ronkainen et al 2018), and opening of coastal polynyas during offshore winds (Stössel et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Projected Changes in European and North Atlantic Seasonal Wind Climate Derived from CMIP5 Simulations

2019

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Future changes in geostrophic winds over Europe and the North Atlantic region were studied utilizing output data from 21 CMIP5 global climate models (GCMs). Changes in temporal means, extremes, and the joint distribution of speed and direction were considered. In concordance with previous research, the time mean and extreme scalar wind speeds do not change pronouncedly in response to the projected climate change; some degree of weakening occurs in the majority of the domain. Nevertheless, substantial changes in high wind speeds are identified when studying the geostrophic winds from different directions separately. In particular, in northern Europe in autumn and in parts of northwestern Europe in winter, the frequency of strong westerly winds is projected to increase by up to 50%. Concurrently, easterly winds become less common. In addition, we evaluated the potential of the GCMs to simulate changes in the near-surface true wind speeds. In ocean areas, changes in the true and geostrophic winds are mainly consistent and the emerging differences can be explained (e.g., by the retreat of Arctic sea ice). Conversely, in several GCMs the continental wind speed response proved to be predominantly determined by fairly arbitrary changes in the surface properties rather than by changes in the atmospheric circulation. Accordingly, true wind projections derived directly from the model output should be treated with caution since they do not necessarily reflect the actual atmospheric response to global warming.

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“…In the Baltic Sea, this is common when pack ice is drifting against the fast ice. In those coastal boundary zones (Oikkonen et al, 2016), mean ice thickness can be half a meter thicker than in the pure thermodynamically grown level ice in the fast ice zone (Ronkainen et al, 2018).…”

Section: Ice Ridgingmentioning

confidence: 98%

Natural Hazards and Extreme Events in the Baltic Sea region

Rutgersson

Kjellström

Haapala

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Abstract. A natural hazard is a naturally occurring extreme event with a negative effect on people and society or the environment. Natural hazards may have severe implications for human life and they can potentially generate economic losses and damage ecosystems. A better understanding of their major causes, probability of occurrence, and consequences enables society to be better prepared and to save human lives and to invest in adaptation options. Natural Hazards related to climate change are identified as one of the Grand Challenges in the Baltic Sea region. We here summarise existing knowledge of extreme events in the Baltic Sea region with the focus on past 200 years, as well as future climate scenarios. The events considered here are the major hydro-meteorological events in the region and include wind storms, extreme waves, high and low sea level, ice ridging, heavy precipitation, sea-effect snowfall, river floods, heat waves, ice seasons, and drought. We also address some ecological extremes and implications of extreme events for society (phytoplankton blooms, forest fires, coastal flooding, offshore infrastructures, and shipping). Significant knowledge gaps are identified, including the response of large scale atmospheric circulation to climate change, but also concerning specific events, for example, occurrences of marine heat waves and small-scale variability of precipitation. Suggestions for future research includes further development of high-resolution Earth System models, and the potential use of methodologies for data analysis (statistical methods and machine learning). With respect to expected impact of climate change, changes are expected for sea-level, extreme precipitation, heat waves and phytoplankton blooms (increase) and cold spells and severe ice winters (decrease). For some extremes (drying, river flooding and extreme waves) the change depends on the area and time period studies.

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Interannual sea ice thickness variability in the Bay of Bothnia

Cited by 34 publications

References 26 publications

Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report, Issue 3

Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report, Issue 3

Projected Changes in European and North Atlantic Seasonal Wind Climate Derived from CMIP5 Simulations

Natural Hazards and Extreme Events in the Baltic Sea region

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