Interannual variability of upper ocean stratification in Bay of Bengal: observational and modeling aspects

Technological Advancements in Observing the Upper Ocean in the Bay of Bengal: Education and Capacity Building

“…In particular, operational models have serious deficiencies in simulating the shallow, fresh layer in the Bay of Bengal. The model ocean mixed layer is too deep (Ravichandran et al, 2013;Fousiya et al, 2015). Examination of the existing data sets and field measurements indicates that neither upperocean physical processes nor the details of momentum, heat, and freshwater exchange across the air-sea interface are adequately resolved.…”

Two decades of operating the Indian moored buoy network: significance and impact

“…Deficiencies in in situ data are obstructive to developing a more proficient understanding of weather and climate. More detailed, frequent and accurate in situ observations are required for developing better models and enhancing existing ones, thus improving the accuracy of predictions and forecasts (Fousiya et al 2015). There is growing interest in continuous multidisciplinary observations of the oceans from the regional scale all the way up to the global scale.…”

Large-Scale Air-Sea Coupling Processes in the Bay of Bengal Using Space-Borne Observations

“…These ocean models perform well when forced with accurate fluxes of momentum, heat, and freshwater (Agarwal et al, 2007). Most of the numerical models without data assimilation fail to accurately represent the BoB despite performing well in equatorial regions and also in the regions where winds play a dominant role in ocean circulation (Fousiya et al, 2015). Although prescription of accurate momentum and radiative fluxes to force boundaries has helped to improve large-scale ocean circulation and air-sea interactions (such as the MISOs) in the models (Agarwal et al, 2007), accurate simulation of salinity stratification and vertical mixing in this region remains a challenge (Goswami et al, 2016, in this issue).…”

“…These models are mainly used for operational purposes, and they are constrained by in situ and satellite observations using various data assimilation techniques. Several aspects of the Bay of Bengal, such as the SST MISO mechanism, barrier layer formation, eddy-driven circulation, and mixing have been addressed using numerical models (Sharma et al, 2010;Chowdary et al, 2015;Fousiya et al, 2015). These ocean models perform well when forced with accurate fluxes of momentum, heat, and freshwater (Agarwal et al, 2007).…”