Interaural Phase and the Absolute Threshold for Tone

Diercks, K. J.; Jeffress, Lloyd A.

doi:10.1121/1.1918234

Cited by 52 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…Such eects were reported about the inuence of perceived source distance on loudness [7]. On the other hand, these results conrm the eect of ITD on loudness [6] and are consistent with the alternative hypothesis that ITD could help separate the signal from internal noise exhibiting a small positive correlation [13,23]. This hypothesis relies on the assumption that the signal is perceived as a separate entity from the background noise and that its loudness might be enhanced if ITD provides a better separability [24].…”

Section: Itd (µS)supporting

confidence: 82%

“…However, these reference thresholds were derived from data based on measurements collected in various studies [11,12]. In some of these studies, In addition to these threshold data for non-frontal incidence, it has also been shown that interaurally outof-phase 250-Hz tones were detected at a 0.9 dB lower level than when presented in phase [13]. Therefore, it was decided to investigate the eect of ITD at threshold level by measuring hearing thresholds of dichotic stimuli.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Interaural Differences on the Loudness of Low-Frequency Pure Tones

Koehl¹,

Paquier²,

Hendrickx³

2015

Acta Acustica united with Acustica

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SummaryThe loudness related to a sound may vary according to the localization of its source. This phenomenon is described as directional loudness and has been mainly observed for high-frequency sounds and for sources located in the horizontal plane. Because of the acoustic shadow of the head, the left and right ear pressures are modied depending on the source azimuth and the global loudness resulting from a summation process may vary accordingly. But directional loudness has also been reported to occur at 400 Hz, where shadowing eects are usually rather small. It might therefore be suspected that directional loudness eects could be inuenced by other parameters involved in the localization process. In a previous study, a small but signicant increase of loudness with increasing interaural time dierence (ITD) was shown for low-frequency pure tones (200 and 400 Hz) at a low loudness level (40 phon). The present study aimed at getting insight into the potential cause and extent of this eect by assessing the loudness of similar pure tones lateralized with headphones by applying an interaural level dierence (ILD) in addition to an ITD and by measuring the eect of ITD at the hearing threshold. It showed signicant eects of both ILD and ITD on loudness, and no interaction between these factors. As the eects added even when the factors were contradictory, it supports the hypothesis that the eect is caused by the ITD itself and is not related to the localization process. However, the ITD eect was not signicant at the hearing threshold.

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Section: Itd (µS)supporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Interaural Differences on the Loudness of Low-Frequency Pure Tones

Koehl¹,

Paquier²,

Hendrickx³

2015

Acta Acustica united with Acustica

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“…We can think of this fluctuation as being a new kind of "noise," as being, possibly, "internal noise" that helps mask the signal. Diercks and Jeffress (1962) suggest that difference in the absolute threshold for tone as a function of its interaural phase are due, in part, to this "internal noise." Dolan and Robinson (1967) and McFadden (1968) have employed this notion to help explain binaural masking phenomena that occur when the intensity of the masker is varied.…”

Section: Binaural Detection 451 Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Binaural detection as a function of signal frequency and noise level

Wilbanks

1979

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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This is a continuation of work by a number of investigators on the dependency of binaural masking-level differences (MLDs) upon signal frequency and noise spectrum level. Monaural (SM) and binaural (Sn]signals of 150, 250, 500, and 1,200 Hz were employed. The spectrum level of correlated noise (NO) was varied between + 10 and +55 dB. The results show that, with very low noise levels (+10 dB), the largest MLDs for monaural and binaural signals are obtained at 500 Hz (4 and 9 dB, respectively). As the noise level is raised to +55 dB, the signal frequency at which the largest MLDs occur shifts to 250 Hz (12 and 18 dB). At 150 Hz, the MLD increases from less than 1 and 3 dB to about 10 and 17 dB as the noise level is increased from + 10 to +55 dB. At 1,200 Hz, the MLD is relatively independent of noise level. Data are presented to support the argument that the small MLDs found with low-frequency signals at low noise levels are a special case of the effects upon detection of reducing the correlation of the masker due to the presence of uncorrelated acoustic noise generated under earphones and internal auditory system noise .

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“…This assumption is based on an interaurally uncorrelated (or at least partially uncorrelated) internal noise, but the exact nature of the latter isn't fully defined so far. Some authors report a small positive interaural correlation (Diercks and Jeffress, 1962) while others report a small negative interaural correlation (Bernstein and Trahiotis, 2008) depending on the frequencies they investigated.…”

Section: Masking Level Differences and Suprathreshold Loudnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the effect of ITD on loudness observed in the first experiment tends to occur at low levels only, it has been hypothesized that it might be accounted for by a lower-level noise, that is to say the internal noise. The latter corresponds to the noise in which the masking threshold equates to the hearing threshold (Bernstein and Trahiotis, 2008;Diercks and Jeffress, 1962). As the size of the MLD decreases with decreasing the masker level (Hirsh, 1948) and the interaural correlation of the masking noise (Robinson and Jeffress, 1963), it has been assumed that at low level the masking noise merges with the internal noise, decreasing the interaural correlation of the resulting noise (Yost, 1988).…”

Section: Masking Level Differences and Suprathreshold Loudnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of interaural time differences on the loudness of low-frequency pure tones at varying signal and noise levels

Berthomieu

Koehl

Paquier

2017

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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Influence of interaural time differences on loudness for low-frequency pure tones at varying signal and noise levels.Proceedings of meetings on acoustics, AIP/Scitation, 2017, 30 (1) Psychological and Physiological Acoustics: Paper 5aPPb1Influence of interaural time differences on loudness for low-frequency pure tones at varying signal and noise levelsGauthier BerthomieuDirectional loudness sensitivity, which is generally accounted for by at-ear pressure modifications because of the perturbation of the sound field by the head, has been reported to occur at 400 Hz where shadowing effects are usually considered small. Then, an effect of the interaural time difference (ITD) on loudness has been observed for pure tones below 500 Hz. The latter was rather small but still significant, contributing to directional loudness sensitivity. In addition, it has been shown that the effect of ITD on loudness was caused by the ITD itself and not by its related localization. As this effect appeared significant at low level only (40 phon), it was hypothesized that ITD could help separate the signal from the internal noise and enhance its loudness. The aim of the present study is to confirm this hypothesis by observing the effect of ITD on the loudness of low-frequency pure tones (100 and 200 Hz) for various signal-to-noise ratios. The signal level was varied from 30 to 90 phon and the noise could be internal only or external also. The effect of ITD appeared significant at low levels or for small signal-to-noise ratios.

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Interaural Phase and the Absolute Threshold for Tone

Cited by 52 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of Interaural Differences on the Loudness of Low-Frequency Pure Tones

Effects of Interaural Differences on the Loudness of Low-Frequency Pure Tones

Binaural detection as a function of signal frequency and noise level

Influence of interaural time differences on the loudness of low-frequency pure tones at varying signal and noise levels

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