Intercalation as an approach to the activated carbon preparation from Ukrainian anthracites

A facile method for coal to graphene oxide and its application to a biosensor

“…Lyubchik et al [72] have found that the interaction behavior between anthracite and HNO 3 leading to swelling of coal, and evolution of nitrogen dioxide as a product of one-electron reduction of nitronium-cation (NO þ 2 ) resemble those observed in graphite. A possible mechanism, modeled after [73] is as follows.…”

“…However, the efficiency of HNO 3 intercalation with respect to the weight uptakes is different. Lyubchik et al [72] reported that graphite was transformed into the GIC with the minimal values of 50%. For anthracite, this transformation was higher, all the way to 100%.…”

Simplified One-Pot Synthesis of Graphene Oxide from Different Coals and its Potential Application in Enhancing the Mechanical Performance of GFRP Nanocomposites

“…As first postulated by Lee and Mahajan, 31 scissoring of linkages in-between graphitic and amorphous domains and extraction of those domains occurs where graphite layering are irregularly arranged. Based on a study by Lyubchik et al 49 on the reaction between anthracite coal and NO 3 acid leading to coal swelling and subsequent release of NO 2 as a byproduct, Lee and Mahajan 31 proposed the following model:…”

“…As first postulated by Lee and Mahajan, scissoring of linkages in-between graphitic and amorphous domains and extraction of those domains occurs where graphite layering are irregularly arranged. Based on a study by Lyubchik et al on the reaction between anthracite coal and NO 3 acid leading to coal swelling and subsequent release of NO 2 as a byproduct, Lee and Mahajan proposed the following model: .25ex2ex 2 normalHNO 3 ( g ) → 2 normalHNO 3 ( ad ) ↔ normalNO 2 + ( ad ) + normalNO 3 − ( ad ) + normalH 2 normalO normalC italicn + normalNO 2 + ( ad ) normalC italicn + + normalNO 2 ( g ) false↑ normalC italicn + + normalNO 3 − ( ad ) + italicm normalHNO 3 ( ad ) …”

“…As first postulated by Lee and Mahajan, scissoring of linkages in-between graphitic and amorphous domains and extraction of those domains occurs where graphite layering are irregularly arranged. Based on a study by Lyubchik et al on the reaction between anthracite coal and NO 3 acid leading to coal swelling and subsequent release of NO 2 as a byproduct, Lee and Mahajan proposed the following model: where, g represents the gas phase; ad shows adsorption on surface of carbon; IC is the abbreviation for intercalation. It was further noticed that an increase in HNO 3 concentration pertaining to intercalation behavior resulted in a decrease of the crystalline structure.…”