Intercalation Engineering of 2D Materials at Macroscale for Smart Human–Machine Interface and Double‐Layer to Faradaic Charge Storage for Ions Separation

Abstract

2D materials have attracted considerable attention in the past decade for their superlative physical properties. Lightweight foam from 2D materials can reduce the use of raw materials, save energy in processing the material and downregulate the carbon emission. Self‐assembling of graphene nanosheets results in 3D porous lightweight foam resembling hydrogels, aerogels, and xerogels. Hierarchical graphene architecture provides an uninterrupted path to electrons and phonon transport conforms to eligibility for developing sensor, energy storage, and energy conversion devices. Artificial intelligence (AI) originates from human–machine interaction and physiological signal reception which requires a large sensing range that illustrates to healthcare surveillance with wearable devices. Spongy architectures with flexibility and reversible compressibility act as a good candidate for pressure sensing for a wide range of real‐time human health monitoring systems by using artificial intelligence. In this review, the new perspective of emerging 2D materials (such as MXene, and borophene) along with the investigation of the graphene foam structure is demonstrated. Electrosorption of salt‐ions under foam electrode are reviewed in the context of electrochemical stability recycling ability, and efficiency of adsorption‐desorption. Beyond these, remaining challenges are depicted for emerging 2D‐materials of interest for health monitoring sensors and flexible supercapacitors for promising research directions.

Impact of Faradaic Interlayer Confinement and Carbon‐Centered Macrostructure Designs for Ion Capture and the Recovery of Elements

“…3D porous sponges are classified as aerogels, hydrogels, and xerogels. [116] 3D porous sponges are replete with mechanical stability and can be used for mechanically stable free-standing electrodes. [117] 3D sponges offer porosity and can be developed over commercial metal templates (e. g., Ni foam), [118] polymer template (e. g., PDMS or polyurethane template), [119] 3D printing, [120] and chemical reduction method.…”

Wood Derived Flexible and Spongy Architectures for Advanced Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion

“…To produce strong hydrogen bonds to bind wood particles together, highly hydrophilic and active cellulose and hemicellulose can be employed. [53,54] To expose the cellulose on the surfaces of wood particles, the comparatively inert lignin must first be removed. Sodium chlorite etching can partially remove lignin from the wood particle's surface while preventing the dissolution of cellulose and hemicellulose.…”

“…These advancements collectively estab- c) adapted with permission. [54] Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH GmbH. lish wood as an attractive material for binder-free electrodes in CDI.…”

“…c) Salt ion desorption under positive current (charging). a-c) adapted with permission [54]. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH GmbH.…”

A metallated graphene oxide foam with a carbon nanotube shell for an enhanced capacitance device

“…6,7 The foaming and doping effect on a graphene foam with subsequent thermal treatment of GO fiber produces internally porous graphene with mechanical resilience. 8–10…”