Intercontinental Spread of Asian-Origin H5N8 to North America through Beringia by Migratory Birds

Lee, Dong‐Hun; Torchetti, Mia Kim; Winker, Kevin; Ip, Hon S.; Song, Chang‐Seon; Swayne, David E.

doi:10.1128/jvi.00728-15

Cited by 326 publications

(339 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…More recently, however, a HPAI virus spread from Asia, most likely through wild bird movement, into poultry in North America45. Despite Brazil being considered free of HPAI, surveillance of AIV in migratory birds remains incomplete in that country, and AIV data remain scarce.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Migratory birds in southern Brazil are a source of multiple avian influenza virus subtypes

Araújo

Petry

Fabrizio

et al. 2017

Influenza Resp Viruses

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BackgroundThere is insufficient knowledge about the relation of avian influenza virus (AIV) to migratory birds in South America. Accordingly, we studied samples obtained over a 4‐year period (2009‐2012) from wild birds at a major wintering site in southern Brazil.MethodsWe obtained 1212 oropharyngeal/cloacal samples from wild birds at Lagoa do Peixe National Park and screened them for influenza A virus by RT‐PCR amplification of the matrix gene. Virus isolates were subjected to genomic sequencing and antigenic characterization.ResultsForty‐eight samples of 1212 (3.96%) contained detectable influenza virus RNA. Partial viral sequences were obtained from 12 of these samples, showing the presence of H2N2 (1), H6Nx (1), H6N1 (8), H9N2 (1), and H12N5 (1) viruses. As H6 viruses predominated, we generated complete genomes from all 9 H6 viruses. Phylogenetic analyses showed that they were most similar to viruses of South American lineage. The H6N1 viruses caused no disease signs in infected ferrets and, despite genetic differences, were antigenically similar to North American isolates.ConclusionsLagoa do Peixe National Park is a source of multiple AIV subtypes, with the levels of influenza virus in birds being highest at the end of their wintering period in this region. H6N1 viruses were the predominant subtype identified. These viruses were more similar to viruses of South American lineage than to those of North American lineage.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Migratory birds in southern Brazil are a source of multiple avian influenza virus subtypes

Araújo

Petry

Fabrizio

et al. 2017

Influenza Resp Viruses

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“…This could have been due to reassortment of introduced H5N8 viruses with locally circulating HxN5 LPAI viruses. Similar scenario was documented in North America 2014-2015 after introduction of HPAI clade 2.3.4.4 group A H5N8 virus resulting in intercontinental reassortants H5N1 and H5N2 that contain HA segment of Asian origin H5N8 virus and NA segment of North America LPAI viruses (LEE et al, 2015). The reassortment event of Croatian H5N5 viruses could have occurred before introduction into Croatia as it was case with H5N8 reassortant initially detected in the Qinghai Lake and around Uvs-Nuur Lake in spring 2016 and which later spread across Asia and Europe.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 74%

Novel reassortant clade 2.3.4.4 avian influenza A(H5N5) virus in wild birds and poultry, Croatia, 2016-2017

Savić

2017

Vet. arhiv

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) causes flock mortality as high as 100% in susceptible poultry species but it also poses a threat for humans, particularly viruses of A/goose/Guangdong/96-like (GD/96) lineage. The emergence of novel HPAI viruses in migratory birds is of concern because of the potential for virus spread during migration. In late 2016, novel GD/96 reassortant clade 2.3.4.4 group B avian influenza H5N5 virus was detected in wild birds and domestic poultry in Croatia, concurrently with numerous detections of H5N8 virus of the same clade and group. Sequencing of the full genome of the H5N8 index case isolate (October 2016) and of all three H5N5 isolates (December 2016 -March 2017) has shown that the novel H5N5 reassortant virus most likely emerged as a result of complex reassortment process in Asia from HPAI H5N8 viruses after the later viruses have became established in wild bird population. Concurrent findings of both, H5N5 and H5N8 viruses, at the same locations in Croatia indicate that the H5N5 reassortant virus was introduced from Asia as a subpopulation of H5N8 viruses by the same wild bird flyways. Although the novel H5N5 reassortant virus possesses haemagglutinin of the GD/96 lineage, the virus genome has typical avian virus traits. Apart from mutations T215A in M1 protein and P42S in NS1 protein which are associated to increased virulence in mice, none of the mutations related to increased affinity to human-type (α-2,6) receptors and mammalian host adaptation were found. Nevertheless, the virus poses a serious threat to the poultry industry since high pathogenicity for gallinaceous birds was confirmed by high intravenous pathogenicity index (2.87).

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“…highly pathogenic avian influenza | restricted perpetuation | migratory waterfowl | wild bird | surveillance T he available evidence suggests that a Eurasian lineage highly pathogenic (HP) H5N8 influenza A virus (IAV) was introduced into the Americas by migratory waterfowl and subsequently reassorted with North American wild bird IAV lineages (1). The first detection of this Eurasian lineage HP H5Nx in North America occurred in November 2014, when an HP H5N2 virus was recovered from domestic turkeys in the Fraser Valley of Canada.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The enigma of the apparent disappearance of Eurasian highly pathogenic H5 clade 2.3.4.4 influenza A viruses in North American waterfowl

Krauss

Stallknecht

Slemons

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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One of the major unresolved questions in influenza A virus (IAV) ecology is exemplified by the apparent disappearance of highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1, H5N2, and H5N8 (H5Nx) viruses containing the Eurasian hemagglutinin 2.3.4.4 clade from wild bird populations in North America. The introduction of Eurasian lineage HP H5 clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 IAV and subsequent reassortment with low-pathogenic H?N2 and H?N1 North American wild bird-origin IAVs in late 2014 resulted in widespread HP H5Nx IAV infections and outbreaks in poultry and wild birds across two-thirds of North America starting in November 2014 and continuing through June 2015. Although the stamping out strategies adopted by the poultry industry and animal health authorities in Canada and the United States—which included culling, quarantining, increased biosecurity, and abstention from vaccine use—were successful in eradicating the HP H5Nx viruses from poultry, these activities do not explain the apparent disappearance of these viruses from migratory waterfowl. Here we examine current and historical aquatic bird IAV surveillance and outbreaks of HP H5Nx in poultry in the United States and Canada, providing additional evidence of unresolved mechanisms that restrict the emergence and perpetuation of HP avian influenza viruses in these natural reservoirs.

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Intercontinental Spread of Asian-Origin H5N8 to North America through Beringia by Migratory Birds

Cited by 326 publications

References 18 publications

Migratory birds in southern Brazil are a source of multiple avian influenza virus subtypes

Migratory birds in southern Brazil are a source of multiple avian influenza virus subtypes

Novel reassortant clade 2.3.4.4 avian influenza A(H5N5) virus in wild birds and poultry, Croatia, 2016-2017

The enigma of the apparent disappearance of Eurasian highly pathogenic H5 clade 2.3.4.4 influenza A viruses in North American waterfowl

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