Intercostal and Diaphragmatic Electrical Activity During Wakefulness and Sleep in Normal Unrestrained Adult Cats

Duron, B; Marlot, D.

doi:10.1093/sleep/3.3-4.269

Cited by 62 publications

(35 citation statements)

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“…postural support and rotational movement) functions of these muscles and their anatomical location in the chest wall (Duron & Marlot 1980;Phillipson & Bowes 1986). Suppression of intercostal muscle activity in REM sleep increases the compliance of the chest wall and contributes to decreased functional residual capacity (Phillipson & Bowes 1986).…”

Section: Overview Of the Respiratory Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Importantly, gamma motor activity is suppressed in REM sleep (Kubota & Tanaka 1966;Morales et al 1987) because of descending inhibitory inputs from brainstem regions that become active in this state (Siegel 2000;Takakusaki et al 2001). Accordingly, disfacilitation of alpha motoneuron activity in REM sleep, as a result of suppression of gamma motoneuron activity, can contribute, along with post-synaptic inhibition, to the overall suppression of spinal motor activity in REM sleep (Morales et al 1987) and can explain how the degree of suppression observed in different thoracic respiratory muscles varies with muscle spindle density (Duron & Marlot 1980;Phillipson & Bowes 1986). …”

Section: Overview Of the Respiratory Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emerging principles and neural substrates underlying tonic sleep-state-dependent influences on respiratory motor activity

Horner

2009

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Respiratory muscles with dual respiratory and non-respiratory functions (e.g. the pharyngeal and intercostal muscles) show greater suppression of activity in sleep than the diaphragm, a muscle almost entirely devoted to respiratory function. This sleep-related suppression of activity is most apparent in the tonic component of motor activity, which has functional implications of a more collapsible upper airspace in the case of pharyngeal muscles, and decreased functional residual capacity in the case of intercostal muscles. A major source of tonic drive to respiratory motoneurons originates from neurons intimately involved in states of brain arousal, i.e. neurons not classically involved in generating respiratory rhythm and pattern per se. The tonic drive to hypoglossal motoneurons, a respiratory motor pool with both respiratory and non-respiratory functions, is mediated principally by noradrenergic and glutamatergic inputs, these constituting the essential components of the wakefulness stimulus. These tonic excitatory drives are opposed by tonic inhibitory glycinergic and g-amino butyric acid (GABA) inputs that constrain the level of respiratory-related motor activity, with the balance determining net motor tone. In sleep, the excitatory inputs are withdrawn and GABA release into the brainstem is increased, thus decreasing respiratory motor tone and predisposing susceptible individuals to hypoventilation and obstructive sleep apnoea.

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Section: Overview Of the Respiratory Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Overview Of the Respiratory Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging principles and neural substrates underlying tonic sleep-state-dependent influences on respiratory motor activity

Horner

2009

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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“…12 If P CO 2 fluctuates during the night in subjects with respiratory failure (Fig. 1), 13 taking only one blood sample at a random single point of the night may lead to an over-or underestimation of respiratory failure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Transcutaneous and Capillary Measurement of P_CO₂in Hypercapnic Subjects

et al. 2015

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BACKGROUND: Measurement of P CO 2 is vital in determining effective alveolar ventilation. However, obtaining capillary P CO 2 by a skin prick of the earlobe is painful, and nocturnal measurements disturb sleep. End-expiratory measurement of P CO 2 is also well established, but there is a low precision in predicting arterial or capillary CO 2 . The purpose of the study was to evaluate nocturnal measurement of noninvasive, transcutaneous P CO 2 (P tcCO 2 ) measurement in hypercapnic subjects. METHODS: In this prospective study, 31 subjects with chronic hypercapnic failure-in a stable phase of the underlying disease-and a control group of 12 healthy volunteers were included. Transcutaneous measurements were taken by the Tosca sensor (Radiometer, Copenhagen, Denmark) over a period of at least 6 h during the night. A capillary blood gas was measured at midnight and 4:00 am. RESULTS: The mean nocturnal capillary P CO 2 (P capCO 2 ) of subjects was 50.6 ؎ 10.2 mm Hg. In the 31 subjects with known hypercapnic respiratory failure, the correlation between P tcCO 2 and P capCO 2 at midnight was 0.86 and at 4:00 am r ‫؍‬ 0.80. The bias of the hypercapnic subjects was d ‫؍‬ ؉ 4.5 with a limit(s) of agreement of 2 SD ‫؍‬ 13.0. The process of blood sampling caused no significant change in P tcCO 2 . CONCLUSIONS: Our study evaluated transcutaneous capnography as a continuous nocturnal measurement in hypercapnic subjects. We found a good agreement between the methods. Because CO 2 is not constant in patients with respiratory failure, but instead fluctuates, we would recommend the continuous transcutaneous measurement of P CO 2 as our method of choice in the diagnosis of nocturnal hypercapnia.

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“…The diaphragm is not only the primary muscle of inspiration, but also known to participate in postural function, and its activity is influenced by various factors, such as posture changes under anesthesia in cats [1,2] and walking [3][4][5]. Changes in posture can affect the length of the diaphragm requiring additional activity to maintain stable ventilation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the walking cat, the diaphragm always shows a predominant inspiratory activity [8] and the influence of other input is weak [3]. Fitting et al [9] measured end-expiratory length and tidal shortening of the diaphragm in awake dog with body position changes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activity patterns of diaphragm during voluntary movements in awake cats

Uga

Niwa²,

Ochiai

et al. 2007

Neuroscience Research

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Abstract:The diaphragm is an important inspiratory muscle, and also known to participate in the postural function. However, the activity of the diaphragm during voluntary movements has not been fully investigated in awake animals. In order to investigate the diaphragmatic activity during voluntary movements such as extending or rotating their body, we analyzed the electromyogram (EMG) of the diaphragm and trunk muscles in the cat using technique for simultaneous recordings of EMG signals and video images.Periodic respiratory discharges occurred in the left and right costal diaphragm when the cat kept still. However, once the cat moved, their periodicity and/or synchrony were sometimes buried by non-respiratory activity. Such non-periodic diaphragmatic activities during voluntary movements are considered as the combination of respiratory activity and non-respiratory activity. Most of the diaphragmatic activities started shortly after the initiation of standing-up movements and occurred after the onset of trunk muscle activities. Those activities were more active compared to the normal respiratory activity. During rotation movements, left and right diaphragmatic activities showed asymmetrical discharge patterns and higher discharges than those during the resting situation. This asymmetrical activity may be caused by taking different length of each side of the diaphragm and trunk muscles. During reaching movements, the diaphragmatic acitivitiey occurred prior to or with the onset of trunk muscle activities. It is likely that diaphragmatic activities during reaching movements and standing-up movements may have been controlled by some different control mechanisms of central nervous system. This study will discuss that the diaphragmatic activity is regulated not only by the respiratory center, but also by inputs from center for voluntary movements and/or sensory reflex pathways under awake condition. 3/23

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Intercostal and Diaphragmatic Electrical Activity During Wakefulness and Sleep in Normal Unrestrained Adult Cats

Cited by 62 publications

References 0 publications

Emerging principles and neural substrates underlying tonic sleep-state-dependent influences on respiratory motor activity

Emerging principles and neural substrates underlying tonic sleep-state-dependent influences on respiratory motor activity

Comparison of Transcutaneous and Capillary Measurement of P_CO₂in Hypercapnic Subjects

Activity patterns of diaphragm during voluntary movements in awake cats

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Intercostal and Diaphragmatic Electrical Activity During Wakefulness and Sleep in Normal Unrestrained Adult Cats

Cited by 62 publications

References 0 publications

Emerging principles and neural substrates underlying tonic sleep-state-dependent influences on respiratory motor activity

Emerging principles and neural substrates underlying tonic sleep-state-dependent influences on respiratory motor activity

Comparison of Transcutaneous and Capillary Measurement of PCO2in Hypercapnic Subjects

Activity patterns of diaphragm during voluntary movements in awake cats

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Comparison of Transcutaneous and Capillary Measurement of P_CO₂in Hypercapnic Subjects