Interdisciplinary Analyses of Bronze Age Communities from Western Hungary Reveal Complex Population Histories

Abstract

In this study we report 21 ancient shotgun genomes from present-day Western Hungary, from previously understudied Late Copper Age Baden, and Bronze Age Somogyvár-Vinkovci, Kisapostag, and Encrusted Pottery archaeological cultures (3530–1620 cal BCE). Our results indicate the presence of high steppe ancestry in the Somogyvár-Vinkovci culture. They were then replaced by the Kisapostag group, who exhibit an outstandingly high (up to ∼47%) Mesolithic hunter-gatherer ancestry, despite this component being thought to be highly diluted by the time of the Early Bronze Age. The Kisapostag population contributed the genetic basis for the succeeding community of the Encrusted pottery culture. We also found an elevated hunter-gatherer component in a local Baden culture associated individual, but no connections were proven to the Bronze Age individuals. The hunter-gatherer ancestry in Kisapostag is likely derived from two main sources, one from a Funnelbeaker or Globular Amphora culture related population and one from a previously unrecognised source in Eastern Europe. We show that this ancestry not only appeared in various groups in Bronze Age Central Europe, but also made contributions to Baltic populations. The social structure of Kisapostag and Encrusted pottery cultures is patrilocal, similarly to most contemporaneous groups. Furthermore, we developed new methods and method standards for computational analyses of ancient DNA, implemented to our newly developed and freely available bioinformatic package. By analysing clinical traits, we found carriers of aneuploidy and inheritable genetic diseases. Finally, based on genetic and anthropological data, we present here the first female facial reconstruction from the Bronze Age Carpathian Basin.

Phylogenetic insights into the genetic legacies of Hungarian-speaking communities in the Carpathian Basin

“…The Illumina sequencing data was processed using a custom in-house bioinformatic pipeline 73 . Paired-end reads were merged using SeqPrep master 74 with a maximum of one mismatch allowed.…”

Ancient genomes reveal Avar-Hungarian transformations in the 9th-10th centuries CE Carpathian Basin

“…The PAPline package with default settings (Gerber et al, 2023) were used for Illumina paired-end sequencing reads mapping to Homo sapiens reference genome GRCH37.p13, pre- and post-filtering steps and mitochondrial sequences calls, for results, see Supplementary Table S1. Y chromosome haplogroups were classified using the Yleaf v2.2 software (Ralf et al, 2018).…”