Interesting New High Explosives and Melt‐Casts

Klapötke, Thomas M.

doi:10.1002/9783527835348.ch16

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Dihydroxylammonium-5,5'-bistetrazole-1,1'-diolate (TKX-50) was synthesized according to our previously published procedure [2][3][4]. Al powder was purchased from Alfa-Aesar (Cat.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Current state-of-the-art thermobaric explosives (TBXs) contain high explosives (usually RDX or HMX), metal powders (mainly Al and/or Mg), an additional oxidizer (NH 4 ClO 4 or NH 4 NO 3 ) and a binder (usually plasticized HTPB) [1]. During the explosion of TBX charges, a significant part of the metallic additive burns using oxygen from the air.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Performance of TKX‐50 in thermobaric explosives

Klapoetke

Cudziło

Trzciński

et al. 2023

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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In this study, the behavior of the high-nitrogen compound TKX-50 in model thermobaric formulations was investigated. The addition of 10 % Al to TKX-50 reduces the heat of detonation by approximately 90 J/g. Despite this, Al reacts with the detonation products of TKX-50 in an exothermic manner, and the energy contribution was calculated to be approx. 375 J/g. In addition, the overpressure in the explosion chamber filled with argon after detonation of aluminized TKX-50 charges containing 27 % Al is approx. 20 % higher than in the case of neat TKX-50. Also the maximum temperature of the TKX-50/Al explosion products in the argon filled chamber is higher by 370 K than that of measured after detonating TKX only. What is more aluminum oxynitride with a low nitrogen content has been identified in the solid detonation products of aluminized TKX-50, but only for detonations in argon. Of course, charges made of TKX-50/Al mixture generate significantly higher overpressure and radiant temperature values in a confined space when they are detonated in an air atmosphere. It all means that burning aluminum in nitrogen provides little energy, and even if the concentration of nitrogen in the post-detonation products is much higher than that of oxygen, aluminum oxides are preferentially formed. K E Y W O R D S confined explosion parameters, detonation heat, thermobaric explosives, TKX-50This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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“…Dihydroxylammonium-5,5'-bistetrazole-1,1'-diolate (TKX-50) was synthesized according to our previously published procedure [2][3][4]. Al powder was purchased from Alfa-Aesar (Cat.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of TKX‐50 in thermobaric explosives

Klapoetke

Cudziło

Trzciński

et al. 2023

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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“…Even in the United States, a large country, there are only very few universities actively pursuing research into the synthesis of energetics. In contrast countries such as Russia and China have many more university and government labs focusing on the synthesis of energetic materials [3][4][5]. Other countries like Egypt and Algeria have military academies with synthetic research facilities which are arguably better now than those of countries that were dominate in advancing the field in the 20 th Century.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Future of Synthesis Chemistry in Energetics

Klapötke

2023

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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An Answer to the Question about the Energetic Performance of TKX‐50

Klapötke

Cudziło

Trzciński

2022

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Some of the relevant detonation performance parameters of TKX-50 were re-determined. The enthalpy of formation was obtained from the measured heat of combustion to be ΔH°f (TKX-50(s)) = + 213.4 � 1.2 kJ mol À 1 . The heat of detonation was measured to be 4650 � 50 kJ kg À 1 . The detonation velocity of a TKX-50/wax mixture (97 : 3) at a density of 1.74 g cm À 3 was found experimentally to be 9190 m s À 1 . Using the experimentally obtained enthalpy of formation for TKX-50 of + 213.4 kJ mol À 1 and the experimentally determined solid-state density at room temperature of 1.887 g cm À 3 (TMD), the computed performance parameters for TKX-50 at its theoretical maximum density at room temperature was calculated to be as follows: VoD = 9642 m s À 1 , p C-J = 37.0 GPa and Q det = 4770 kJ kg À 1 .

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Interesting New High Explosives and Melt‐Casts

Cited by 3 publications

References 38 publications

Performance of TKX‐50 in thermobaric explosives

Performance of TKX‐50 in thermobaric explosives

The Future of Synthesis Chemistry in Energetics

An Answer to the Question about the Energetic Performance of TKX‐50

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