Interfacial Barrier Layer Properties of Three Generations of TiO2 Nanotube Arrays

Electrochemical Formation of Second Generation TiO2 Nanotubes on Ti13Nb13Zr Alloy for Biomedical Applications

“…The diffraction pattern shows an amorphous halo which may indicate the presence of amorphous nanotubes in X-ray scale. The phenomenon of the anodic formation of oxide layers has also been reported in the literature [8]. Based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images (Figs.…”

“…The average value of the SWNT length with the consideration of measurement error is L = 3.9(0.2) µm. The total area (A i ) of the nanotubes was calculated according to the following formula [8]:…”

“…Second term involves the areas of internal and external curved surfaces. The specific surface area (A S ) of nanotubes per cm 2 was estimated by the following term [8]:…”

“…One of the most popular, easy-to-use electrochemical method of surface modification of titanium and its alloys is anodization. By applying the appropriate potential-current conditions, time, type and concentration of the electrolyte, the oxide layer on the surface of Ti and its alloys can be formed using this method [5][6][7][8]. Electrochemical oxidation allows to produce TiO 2 nanotubes of various parameters such as diameter, length, and wall thickness [7,8].…”

“…By applying the appropriate potential-current conditions, time, type and concentration of the electrolyte, the oxide layer on the surface of Ti and its alloys can be formed using this method [5][6][7][8]. Electrochemical oxidation allows to produce TiO 2 nanotubes of various parameters such as diameter, length, and wall thickness [7,8]. This type of layers is recently used in orthopaedics, dentistry, and can also act as a drug delivery system in a precise place without oral supplementation [9,10].…”