Abstract:Interfacial additives such as oxides may help solve diffusion and nucleation obstacles in heterojunctions of solid-state devices. Healing strategies may rely on them, particularly in ZnO, which has numerous applications, from photovoltaics and sensors to superconductors and batteries as a lithiumphilic interlayer. Here, we show a case study based on in operando cells with two heterojunctions and the ZnO as a dielectric semiconductor. The cells show how the Cu/ZnO surface chemical potentials equalize by forming… Show more
“…Copper and lithium tend to have higher DOS when compared with aluminum, which shows very similar DOS for electrons and holes, explaining its high capacity to deliver a broad range of surface chemical potentials, as pointed out by the authors previously [24,25]. Notably, the conjunction of the highest DOS with a high charge carrier density defines the working chemical potential, which may be severely shifted from the calculated workfunction at null surface potential.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 71%
“…Conversely to 100% C black (SI, figure S6), as described hereafter, 50 wt.% LFP + 50 wt.% C black aligns its surface chemical potential through the Cu by electron transport in the Cu/50 wt.% LFP + 50 wt.% C black /Al cell. In figures 4(a) and (b), the negatively charged plasmons (solitons) are observed and part of their dynamics [24,25]. The cell transports electrons through the Cu/50 wt.% LFP + 50 wt.% C black surface (figures 4(a)and (b), SI, figures S8(a) and (b)).…”
Section: However Here It Is Shown For the First Time That The 'Workin...mentioning
There are still essential aspects regarding cathodes requiring a comprehensive understanding. These include identifying the underlying phenomena that prevent reaching the theoretical capacity, explaining irreversible losses, and determining the cut-off potentials at which batteries should be cycled. We address these inquiries by investigating the cell’s capacity, and phase dynamics by looking into the transport properties of electrons. This approach underlines the crucial role of electrons in influencing battery performance, similar to their significance in other materials and devices such as transistors, thermoelectrics, or superconductors. We use LFP as a case study to demonstrate that understanding the electrochemical cycling behavior of a battery cell, particularly a Li//LFP configuration, hinges on factors like the total local potentials used to calculate chemical potentials, electronic density of states (DOS), and charge carrier densities. Our findings reveal that the stable plateau potential difference is 3.42 V, with maximum charge and minimum discharge potentials at 4.12 V and 2.80 V, respectively. The study illustrates the dynamic formation of metastable phases at a plateau voltage exceeding 3.52 V. Moreover, we establish that determining the working chemical potentials of elements like Li and Al can be achieved through a combination of their work function and DOS analysis. Additionally, we shed light on the role of carbon black beyond its conductivity enhancement. Through Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations and experimental methods involving Scanning Kelvin Probe (SKP) and electrochemical analysis, we comprehensively examine various materials, including Li, C, Al, Cu, LFP, FePO4, Li0.25FePO4, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and Li6PS5Cl (LPSCl). The insights derived from this study, which solely rely on electrical properties, have broad applicability to all cathodes and batteries. They provide valuable information for efficiently selecting optimal formulations and conditions for cycling batteries.
“…Copper and lithium tend to have higher DOS when compared with aluminum, which shows very similar DOS for electrons and holes, explaining its high capacity to deliver a broad range of surface chemical potentials, as pointed out by the authors previously [24,25]. Notably, the conjunction of the highest DOS with a high charge carrier density defines the working chemical potential, which may be severely shifted from the calculated workfunction at null surface potential.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 71%
“…Conversely to 100% C black (SI, figure S6), as described hereafter, 50 wt.% LFP + 50 wt.% C black aligns its surface chemical potential through the Cu by electron transport in the Cu/50 wt.% LFP + 50 wt.% C black /Al cell. In figures 4(a) and (b), the negatively charged plasmons (solitons) are observed and part of their dynamics [24,25]. The cell transports electrons through the Cu/50 wt.% LFP + 50 wt.% C black surface (figures 4(a)and (b), SI, figures S8(a) and (b)).…”
Section: However Here It Is Shown For the First Time That The 'Workin...mentioning
There are still essential aspects regarding cathodes requiring a comprehensive understanding. These include identifying the underlying phenomena that prevent reaching the theoretical capacity, explaining irreversible losses, and determining the cut-off potentials at which batteries should be cycled. We address these inquiries by investigating the cell’s capacity, and phase dynamics by looking into the transport properties of electrons. This approach underlines the crucial role of electrons in influencing battery performance, similar to their significance in other materials and devices such as transistors, thermoelectrics, or superconductors. We use LFP as a case study to demonstrate that understanding the electrochemical cycling behavior of a battery cell, particularly a Li//LFP configuration, hinges on factors like the total local potentials used to calculate chemical potentials, electronic density of states (DOS), and charge carrier densities. Our findings reveal that the stable plateau potential difference is 3.42 V, with maximum charge and minimum discharge potentials at 4.12 V and 2.80 V, respectively. The study illustrates the dynamic formation of metastable phases at a plateau voltage exceeding 3.52 V. Moreover, we establish that determining the working chemical potentials of elements like Li and Al can be achieved through a combination of their work function and DOS analysis. Additionally, we shed light on the role of carbon black beyond its conductivity enhancement. Through Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations and experimental methods involving Scanning Kelvin Probe (SKP) and electrochemical analysis, we comprehensively examine various materials, including Li, C, Al, Cu, LFP, FePO4, Li0.25FePO4, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and Li6PS5Cl (LPSCl). The insights derived from this study, which solely rely on electrical properties, have broad applicability to all cathodes and batteries. They provide valuable information for efficiently selecting optimal formulations and conditions for cycling batteries.
“…The materials and cells were prepared as described in Supplementary Information SI Materials and Methods [ [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] ]. As shown hereafter, the cork's cell structure is prone to polarize in rod chains, as discussed previously.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Fig. 3 Topography and surface chemical potential characterization of two copper/cork heterojunctions; a to c capacitive tracking measurement CTM and scanning kelvin probe SKP [ 40 ] showing the topography and surface chemical potentials of the Cu-tape and cork of the same heterojunction; The cork shows an impurity charged positively; d surface chemical potential of another Cu-cork-Cu heterojunction showing similar values for the potentials as b and c. …”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Note : r a = 2 mm; r b = 5 mm; ℓ = 95 mm (SI, 1. Materials and Methods [ [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] ]). …”
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