Silver exchanged zirconium titanium phosphates (AgÀZTPs) are interesting materials because of their best antibacterial performance toward Escherichia coli (E. coli). Silver ions were incorporated into zirconium titanium phosphate (ZTP), a composite ion-exchanger, by an ion-exchange process conducted at 65°C. This study focuses on the most thorough investigation of their synthesis, optical spectroscopy, absorption band (vibrational and rotational levels) spectra, morphology studies, elemental analysis, and antibacterial activity. Silver-exchanged zirconium titanium phosphates (AgÀZTPs) were characterized by XRD (BAXS), DRUVÀvis, FTIR, XPS, SEM-EDS, TEM, and AAS measurement. Silver ions are incorporated into ZTP which is well-known from X-ray photoelectron study, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectra. It was found that 250 mg L À1 of 5 wt % AgÀZTP possesses high antibacterial activity with 99% inhibition within 12 h of contact. Therefore, the present results strongly suggest the effective use of silver-exchanged zirconium titanium phosphates as antibacterial agents.
INTRODUCTIONCation exchange is one of the outstanding properties of the inorganic and composite ion exchange materials. 1,2 Silver has been known to exhibit strong cytotoxicity toward a broad range of microorganisms with a little effect on eukaryotic cells. 3À6 It has an oligodynamic effect, where silver ions are capable of causing bacteriostatic as well as bactericidal impact. Nanometer-sized inorganic particles and composites display unique physical and chemical properties and represent a unique class of materials in the development of novel devices, which can be used in numerous physical, biological, biomedical, and pharmaceutical applications. 7 Also silver nanoparticles 8,9 and nanoflowers 10 show good antibacterial activity which are of clinical interest. Research indicates that silver is also effective in purification systems for disinfecting water or air. 11À14 Because of its higher antibacterial activity and less toxicity as compared to other metal ions, 15,16 several kinds of silver-carried antibacterial agents using different inorganic carriers, such as zeolite, 17 phosphate, 18 titanium dioxide, 19,20 activated carbon, 21 montmorillonite, 22 watersoluble glass, 23 and mesoporous silica, 24 etc. have been investigated. Silver composites have applications in many industries, such as aerospace, surface coatings (e.g., in refrigerators, food processing, kitchen furniture), and for use in hospitals. Silver composites with a tailored slow silver-release rate are currently being investigated for various applications. 25 It has been reported that silver-phosphate complex materials have a strong antibacterial ability. When compared to zeolitebased silver materials, silver-phosphate complex materials show improved stability and no harmful effects upon contact with human skin. The antibacterial activity of silver-carried zirconium phosphate (Ag-ZrP) 26 and ultrathin titanium phosphate films 27 was studied. The kinetic of bac...