Soil
minerals and organic matter play critical roles in nutrient
cycling and other life-essential biogeochemical processes, yet the
structural and dynamical details of natural organic matter (NOM) film
formation on smectites are not fully understood on the molecular scale.
XRD of Suwannee River NOM–hectorite (a smectite clay) complexes
shows that the humic and fulvic components of NOM bind predominantly
at the external surfaces of packets of smectite platelets rather than
in the interlayer slit pores, suggesting that the key behavior governing
smectite–NOM interactions takes place in mesopores between
smectite particles. New molecular dynamics modeling of a ∼110
Å H2O-saturated smectite mesopore at near-neutral
pH shows that model NOM molecules initially form small clusters of
2–3 NOM molecules near the center of the pore fluid. Formation
of these clusters is driven by the hydrophobic mechanism, where aromatic/aliphatic
regions associate with one another to minimize their interactions
with H2O, and charge-balancing cations associated with
the deprotonated carboxylate sites are located only at the outer surface
of these clusters. Despite hydrophobicity driving the initial clustering,
NOM clusters are formed more quickly when high-charge-density cations
like Ca2+ are present vs low-charge-density cations like
Cs+, as the former cations more effectively minimize the
electrostatic repulsions between the negatively charged NOM molecules.
Once the small hydrophobicity-driven NOM clusters form, the simulations
show that Ca2+ promotes the aggregation of NOM clusters
through tetradentate Ca2+ bridges involving carboxylate
groups on two different NOM clusters. Importantly, our studies indicate
that Ca2+ plays a crucial role in binding the NOM clusters
to the smectite surface, which occurs through multiple quaternary
complexes (Ob)–H2O–Ca2+–COO‑
NOM. In contrast, Cs+ never forms any coordination or acts like bridges between
NOM molecules nor as ion bridges to the smectite surface. Additionally,
we observe the formation of a metastable superaggregate involving
all 16 NOM molecules several times in a Ca2+-bearing mesopore
fluid. Superaggregates are never observed in the simulations involving
Cs+. The modeling results are fully consistent with helium
ion microscope images of NOM–hectorite complexes suggesting
that NOM surface films develop when preformed NOM clusters interact
with smectite surfaces. Overall, the binding of NOM clusters to the
outer surfaces of smectite particles and the formation of large NOM
aggregates at neutral pH occur through cation bridging, and cation
bridging only occurs when high-charge-density cations like Ca2+ are present.