Interfacial Structures and Properties of Organic Materials for Biosensors: An Overview

Abstract

The capabilities of biosensors for bio-environmental monitoring have profound influences on medical, pharmaceutical, and environmental applications. This paper provides an overview on the background and applications of the state-of-the-art biosensors. Different types of biosensors are summarized and sensing mechanisms are discussed. A review of organic materials used in biosensors is given. Specifically, this review focuses on self-assembled monolayers (SAM) due to their high sensitivity and high versatility. The kinetics, chemistry, and the immobilization strategies of biomolecules are discussed. Other representative organic materials, such as graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and conductive polymers are also introduced in this review.

Amyloid-based nanosensors and nanodevices

“…[73][74][75][76][77][78] Nanomaterials applied to electrochemical or optical immunoassays have been utilized in the detection of biomolecule activity. 8,9,79,80 Carbon nanomaterials, such as carbon-based nanotubes and nanofibers, have been amply discussed in the context of their aptness for the development of nanosensors. They all feature a number of characteristics, such as biocompatibility, chemical functionality and conductivity, which are suitable for the detection of biological interactions.…”

Recent Advances and Applications of Biosensors in Novel Technology

“…In another study, Tang et al demonstrated antigen-antibody interaction via GOD conjugated hollow gold-silver microspheres (AuAgHSs) further coupled using Prussian blue NPs (an artificial catalase), on a graphene-based immunosensor [117]. Pesticidal study [96] Hba1c biosensor Determining glycated hemoglobin [97] Piezoelectric biosensors Detecting carbamate and organophosphate [98] Uric acid biosensors Diagnosis of various clinical abnormalities or illness (e.g., diagnosis of cardiovascular disease) [99,100] Glucose oxidase electrode biosensors Measuring of glucose in biological sample of diabetic patient [101] Quartz-crystal biosensors Detection of proteins at ultrahigh-sensitive level in liquids [102] Optical Polyacrylamide based hydrogel biosensors Immobilization of biomolecules [30] Silicon biosensor For biosensing, bioimaging, and in cancer therapy [103,104] Microfabricated biosensor In novel drug delivery (e.g., in optical corrections) [105] Fluorescence tagged/Genetically encoded biosensor Investigation of various biological process and molecular systems in the cell [27,[106][107][108] Electrochemical or optical Nanomaterials biosensors For diagnosis and in drug delivery [32,93,[109][110][111][112][113][114] …”

An Ultrasensitive Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassay for Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 in Serum Based on Antibody Labeled Fe3O4 Nanoparticles as Capture Probes and Graphene/CdTe Quantum Dot Bionanoconjugates as Signal Amplifiers

“…Searching for a functional nanostructure as the carrier for immobilization of the signal sources materials and antibody has always been the goal in fabricating ultrasensitive ECL immunoassay based on QDs [13]. The emergence of graphene nanosheets provides good opportunities for building highly-sensitive, highly-selective ECL immunosensors, because of its outstanding biocompatibility, good electron transfer, excellent adsorption capacity and large 2-D specific surface area [14,15]. Owing to these excellent properties, the graphene nanosheets is an ideal matrix to coimmobilize CdTe QDs and CA 19-9’s secondary antibody (CA 19-9 Ab2/CdTe-G), which can act as a signal tag to amplify the ECL signal.…”

“…With the development of nanotechnology, various types of nanomaterials have been widely applied in the fabrication of immunosensor, such as metal nanoparticles [17], graphene (G) [15] and quantum dots (QDs) [14]. In recent years, nano ferromagnetic probes made of nano ferromagnetic oxide (such as Fe 3 O 4 ) material have been developed; they can controllably separate under an external magnetic field.…”