To explore the mechanism of critical metal (Li+ and
Ge4+) occurrence in the organic molecular structures of
different rank coals, simulations were investigated using quantum
chemical density functional theory. In this paper, Wender lignite,
bituminous, and anthracite molecular models were used as organic molecular
structures in coal. The electrostatic potential (ESP), frontier molecular
orbitals, and Mulliken charges were used to identify adsorption sites
in organic molecular structures. Mulliken charge, bond length, Mayer
bond order (MBO), and adsorption energy values were used to estimate
the binding conformation and strength between organic molecular structures
and critical metals (Li+ and Ge4+). The results
showed that the negative ESP, the highest occupied molecular orbitals,
and negative Mulliken charges in the organic molecular structures
were located at the O atom of oxygen functional groups and the aromatic
structures, respectively, which were the active sites for critical
metal adsorption. Mulliken charge transfer, bond length, MBO, and
adsorption energy data suggested that the binding of Li+ with organic molecular structures was controlled by the carbonyl
group (CO), while the aromatic structures had less effect
on the occurrence of Li+ in the organic molecular structures.
The maximum adsorption energy value for binding Li+ with
organic molecular structures was −742.16 kJ/mol. The Ge4+ ions not only showed strong binding ability with oxygen
functional groups, but also Ge4+ formed thermodynamically
stable half-sandwich complexes with aromatic structures. Therefore,
the coal rank had little effect on the binding of Ge4+ with
organic molecular structures. Moreover, the binding of Ge4+ with organic molecule structures was enhanced by the synergistic
interactions of oxygen functional groups and aromatic structures.
The adsorption energy values were up to −8511.43 kJ/mol. The
adsorption of organic matter in coal to critical metals (Li+ and Ge4+) generated changes in the spatial configuration
of the organic molecular structure, including local twisting of the
organic molecular structure in lignite and bending of the aromatic
structure in anthracite.