Interfacing DNA and Polydopamine Nanoparticles and Its Applications

Abstract

and drugs, [21,22] and decrease the toxicity of biomaterials. [23] Finally, PDA can be used for sensing. PDA-containing biosensors have been used to detect various organic molecules, [24,25] biomolecules, [26,27] and metal ions. [28] Many sensing and biomedical applications of PDA have been realized through interfacing it with biomolecules such as DNA, enzymes, and antibodies. DNA has gained popularity in the last few decades as a functional polymer thanks to its high stability, low cost, and ease of synthesis. [29-34] More importantly, DNA can bind not only its complementary sequence but also a diverse range of other molecules by using DNA aptamers. [35] Catalytically active DNA sequences, known as DNAzymes, have also been discovered. [36] Combining the unique properties of PDA and DNA has produced many interesting hybrid materials. The surface of PDA is different from most inorganic and even other organic NPs, and understanding its surface interactions is critical for applications. Given the many papers on DNA-functionalized PDA which have been published, it is now a good time to summarize this topic, which was not previously reviewed. This review has two main purposes. First, it describes the interfacial interactions between DNA and PDA with a focus on methods to achieve noncovalent and covalent conjugates. Second, we review the representative applications of such conjugates. In the end, some challenges of the field are discussed, and a few future research directions are proposed. 2. Dopamine, Its Analogs, and PDA The extraordinary wet adhesion of some marine creatures, such as mussels, is caused by their secreted proteins that are rich in catecholamine groups. This has inspired scientists to develop a universal coating material that can mimic the natural wet adhesion. [37] Although dopamine is a catecholamine, PDA is not yet found naturally. PDA is a synthetic analog of melanin, and natural melanin exists in the color pigments of the skin, hair, and eyes of the human body. Melanin is produced by the aggregation and polymerization of catecholamines such as DOPA or tyrosine (Figure 1A). [38,39] To date, the polymerization pathways of dopamine are still unknown, but a few likely pathways have been proposed. [40-44] Polydopamine (PDA) is polymerized from dopamine under oxidative and basic conditions. PDA is a biocompatible material with great versatility for coating various surfaces and it can also form nanoparticles. DNA oligonucleotides are highly stable, and they can recognize a diverse range of molecules from complementary nucleic acids, proteins to small molecules and metal ions. To enhance the molecular recognition function of PDA, it is interfaced with DNA and the conjugates have achieved a wide range of applications in biomedical and analytical science. In this review, the chemistry of some catecholamines, including dopamine and PDA, is first briefly introduced and variables in the PDA synthesis are highlighted. Strategies to promote DNA adsorption on PDA are then discussed including the use of low pH and...

Engineering CXCL12 Biomimetic Decoy‐Integrated Versatile Immunosuppressive Nanoparticle for Ischemic Stroke Therapy with Management of Overactivated Brain Immune Microenvironment

“…Based on this, we selected Zn 2+ with low toxicity and high adsorption as a “bridge” to achieve efficient loading of A151. [ 23 ] To evaluate the efficiency of A151 being loaded, we monitored the fluorescence intensity of the FAM‐A151 after loading onto PDA using the strong fluorescence quenching effect induced by PDA. When Zn 2+ was chelated on the PDA surface, the fluorescence of FAM‐A151 was almost completely quenched, compared to other groups, indicating that Zn 2+ as a “bridge” significantly enhanced the interaction between A151 and PDA (Figure 1D).…”

A Synergistic DNA-polydopamine-MnO2 Nanocomplex for Near-Infrared-Light-Powered DNAzyme-Mediated Gene Therapy

“…Next, DP-PM was synthesized with preprepared DP and PM. When the preprepared DP and PM were mixed, PM easily self-assembled on the DP nanoscaffold via strong π–π interactions between DNA bases in DP and polydopamine in PM (Scheme A) . The formed DP-PM was analyzed by SEM.…”

Physical and mechanical cues affecting biomaterial-mediated plasmid DNA delivery: insights into non-viral delivery systems

“…Different DNA encapsulation techniques on oligo (polyethylene glycol) fumarate (OPF) hydrogels [ 103 ], alginate [ 104 ], polyethylene glycol ( PEG) [ 105 , 106 ], hyaluronic acid [ 99 ], fibrin [ 107 ], PLGA [ 23 , 108 ] or gelatin [ 109 ] hydrogels were described. Similarly, immobilisation on polyacrylamide [ 110 ], cationised gelatin hydrogels [ 111 ], poly(beta-amino ester)(PBE)/PLGA microparticles [ 112 ] and PLGA biomaterials [ 113 ], on polydopamine (PD) conjugated materials [ 114 ] and of collagen-mimetic peptides – conjugated polyplexes [ 115 ] were performed. Enzyme-responsive gene delivery systems furthermore allowed temporal control of DNA release and were fabricated by incorporating the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) susceptible peptides GPQGIWGQ [ 116 ] and the GCRD-GPQGIWGQDRCG [ 117 , 118 ] into an Au surface [ 116 ], into a breath figure porous structures [ 117 ] or in PEG hydrogels [ 118 ].…”

“…In one study, PLGA microspheres were surface-modified with PEI, PLL, poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), polydiallyldimethylammonium (PDDA), or PD. [ 133 ] The latter—by increasing strength of immobilisation [ 114 ]—prolonged the pattern of DNA release from 5 days (of unmodified control microspheres) to 15 days [ 133 ].…”