White-light-emitting
(WLE) organic materials, especially small
molecules comprising a single chromophoric unit, have received much
attention due to their tremendous use in modern-day electronic devices
and biomaterials. They can increase the efficiency and lifetime of
devices compared to the currently used combination approach. Herein,
we explored a small symmetric push–pull organic molecule Hexyl-TCBD with a single 1,1,4,4-tetracyanobuta-1,3-diene
(TCBD) chromophoric unit containing urea as a key functional group
on an acceptor–donor∼donor–acceptor (A–D∼D–A)
backbone for its ability to show white-light emission in solution
as well as in the solid state. The luminescence was absent in the
solid state due to the H-bonding- and π-stacking-driven
quenching processes, while emission behavior in solution was tunable
with variable CIE chromaticity index values via hydrogen (H)-bonding-governed disaggregation phenomena. Translation
of WLE from the Hexyl-TCBD solution to a solid state
was demonstrated by utilizing nonemissive polystyrene (80 wt % with
respect to the chromophore) as the matrix to obtain WLE nanofibers
(made by the electrospun technique) via segregating the molecules.
The optical microscopy study validated the WLE nanofibers. The presence
of multicolor photoluminescence, including white light, could be fine-tuned
through various excitation wavelengths, solvent polarities, and polystyrene
matrices. Furthermore, the detailed photophysical studies, including
lifetime measurements, indicated that the inherent intramolecular
charge transfer (ICT) bands of Hexyl-TCBD exhibit better
ICT state stabilization by space charge distribution through the modulation
of H-bonding between urea groups. Finally, a cytotoxicity
study was performed for Hexyl-TCBD on normal and cancer
cell lines using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium
bromide (MTT) assay to explore bioimaging applications in biosystems.
MTT results revealed significant toxicity toward cancer cells, whereas
normal cells exhibited good biocompatibility.