Interference and negative priming from ignored distractors: The role of selection difficulty

Fox, Elaine

doi:10.3758/bf03206952

Cited by 64 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The present conclusion contradicts several previous reports that negative priming does not decrease with increasing ease ofselection (e.g., Allport et al 1985;Driver & Tipper, 1989;Fox, 1994Fox, , 1995. Perhaps the starkest empirical contradiction concerning negative priming is between the results of the present Experiment 2 and those of Fox (1994Fox ( , 1995, who used a similar paradigm to study the effects of selection ease on negative priming.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

“…From this conclusion, Allport et al argued that previous reports of negligible or reduced interference (e.g., Eriksen & Eriksen, 1974;Francolini & Egeth, 1980;Kahneman & Henik, 1981;Kahneman & Treisman, 1984) do not unambiguously support early selection. Similar findings of negative priming in conditions producing small or negligible interference effects have since been reported by Driver and Tipper (1989) and Fox (1994Fox ( , 1995.…”

supporting

confidence: 71%

“…Perhaps the starkest empirical contradiction concerning negative priming is between the results of the present Experiment 2 and those of Fox (1994Fox ( , 1995, who used a similar paradigm to study the effects of selection ease on negative priming. She presented a precue at or near the location of the target letter 150 msec before that letter appeared, or no precue at all, and measured both negative priming and interference effects produced by distractors.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 38%

“…Because both red and black items could appear in any of the eight possible stimulus locations, it seems unlikely that selection was especially easy. Fox (1994Fox ( , 1995 precued target location 150 msec before stimulus onset, but the cue neither significantly reduced overall RT nor completely eliminated distractor-based interference effects, so it probably did not allow efficient selection of the relevant stimulus. Perhaps the most convincing evidence of negative priming in conditions thought to favor efficient selection comes from the easy-selection condition studied by Allport et al (1985), in which the target always appeared at fixation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Negative priming depends on ease of selection

Ruthruff

Miller

1995

Perception & Psychophysics

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Negative priming effects have been offered as evidence that distractor stimuli are identified. We conducted two experiments to determine if such effects occur even when it is easy to discriminate target from distractor stimuli. In Experiment 1, we found the usual negative priming effect when target and distractor positions varied from trial to trial, but not when these positions remained fixed. Experiment 2 extended these results to a situation where the ease of selection varied only in the prime display. These findings argue that irrelevant inputs can be filtered out prior to stimulus identification under certain circumstances and therefore pose problems for strict late selection theories. 715A central and as yet unresolved issue in the field of selective attention concerns the point at which relevant stimuli begin to be processed more extensively than irrelevant ones. According to strict late selection theories (e.g., Deutsch & Deutsch, 1963), all stimuli are identified regardless of their relevance to the task at hand, but only a subset of these are selected for input to later processes (e.g., response selection). Early selection theories, on the other hand, assert that unselected stimuli are "filtered out" at an early stage of processing, prior to complete stimulus identification. The strongest early selection theories (e.g., Broadbent, 1958) propose that unselected stimuli are discarded prior to identification; however, in weaker versions of such theories, unselected stimuli are attenuated rather than discarded (e.g., Treisman, 1960). In either case, early selection theories predict that relevant stimuli are more likely to be identified than are irrelevant stimuli (which we will call selective identification), whereas strict late selection theories predict unselective identification.To determine whether selective identification is possible in selective attention tasks, many researchers have examined the fate of irrelevant stimuli. The results indicate that such stimuli are processed semantically (i.e., are identified) in many experimental settings (e

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

supporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 38%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Negative priming depends on ease of selection

Ruthruff

Miller

1995

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…Indeed, NP is enhanced when instructions emphasize accuracy rather than speed (Neill & Westberry, 1987;Neumann & DeSchepper, 1992;Nievas & Marí-Beffa, 2002). Also, this could explain why NP typically correlates positively with prime interference, at least in normal younger adults (Fox, 1994;Neill et al, 1992).…”

Section: On the Role Of Response Competition In Negative Primingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissociating object- and response-based components of negative priming through effects of practice

Houghton

Marı́-Beffa

2005

Perception & Psychophysics

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The negative priming (NP) effect is the slowing of responses to an imperative stimulus (probe) that has recently been ignored (prime). Prevailing accounts of the phenomenon attribute it to a variety of causes, all centered on a representation of the stimulus event itself. However, we argue that the most commonly used NP paradigms confound stimulus-and response-based factors. In two experiments, we demonstrate the importance of response factors in producing NP and show clear empirical dissociations between object-and response-centered NP when studying their time courses over extended practice. When distractors compete for a response (response-based), the NP effect is both more robust and more resistant to the effects of practice. On the other hand, when prime distractors do not compete for response (object-based), they yield weaker NP effects that disappear with practice. We conclude that the NP effects shown in the most common procedures are produced by a combination of distinct factors that tend to act in the same direction.

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The control of visual attention and its influence on prioritized processing in a location negative priming paradigm

Fischer

Hagendorf

2005

Psychological Research

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In a location-based negative priming paradigm, the possibility of a disengagement option of the underlying inhibitory mechanism was tested. Whereas in previous studies disengagement was observed when providing utility information about the probe trial structure, in the present study the allocation of visual attention to the stimuli was manipulated. In the first step an automatic deployment of visual attention was implemented by presenting all stimuli as abrupt onsets (Experiment 1), which demonstrated commonly observed negative priming effects. In further conditions of non-automatic allocation of visual attention in which target and distractor were presented as no-onset stimuli, negative priming effects were eliminated (Experiments 2 and 3). The preferred interpretation is that in conditions of automatic control of attention, target and distractor compete for control of action. A non-automatic control of visual attention, on the other hand, leads to a top-down modulated selection, which results in prioritized target encoding and a loss of distractor impact on the selection process. Alternative accounts and the role of no-onset distractor processing were investigated in Experiment 4.

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Interference and negative priming from ignored distractors: The role of selection difficulty

Cited by 64 publications

References 41 publications

Negative priming depends on ease of selection

Negative priming depends on ease of selection

Dissociating object- and response-based components of negative priming through effects of practice

The control of visual attention and its influence on prioritized processing in a location negative priming paradigm

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