Interference between avian corona and influenza viruses: The role of the epithelial architecture of the chicken trachea

Weerts, E.A.W.S.; Bouwman, Kim M.; Paerels, Lieke; Gröne, Andrea; Boelm, G. J.; Verheije, Monique H.

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109499

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Tracheal organ culture has long been used to investigate IBV infection [ 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 ]. While this ex vivo model offers many benefits, understanding the mechanisms specifically at the level of tracheal epithelial cells is useful for studying immediate host responses under highly controlled conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host Immune Response Modulation in Avian Coronavirus Infection: Tracheal Transcriptome Profiling In Vitro and In Vivo

O’Dowd,

Isham,

Vatandour

et al. 2024

Viruses

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Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly contagious Gammacoronavirus causing moderate to severe respiratory infection in chickens. Understanding the initial antiviral response in the respiratory mucosa is crucial for controlling viral spread. We aimed to characterize the impact of IBV Delmarva (DMV)/1639 and IBV Massachusetts (Mass) 41 at the primary site of infection, namely, in chicken tracheal epithelial cells (cTECs) in vitro and the trachea in vivo. We hypothesized that some elements of the induced antiviral responses are distinct in both infection models. We inoculated cTECs and infected young specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens with IBV DMV/1639 or IBV Mass41, along with mock-inoculated controls, and studied the transcriptome using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) at 3 and 18 h post-infection (hpi) for cTECs and at 4 and 11 days post-infection (dpi) in the trachea. We showed that IBV DMV/1639 and IBV Mass41 replicate in cTECs in vitro and the trachea in vivo, inducing host mRNA expression profiles that are strain- and time-dependent. We demonstrated the different gene expression patterns between in vitro and in vivo tracheal IBV infection. Ultimately, characterizing host–pathogen interactions with various IBV strains reveals potential mechanisms for inducing and modulating the immune response during IBV infection in the chicken trachea.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host Immune Response Modulation in Avian Coronavirus Infection: Tracheal Transcriptome Profiling In Vitro and In Vivo

O’Dowd,

Isham,

Vatandour

et al. 2024

Viruses

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“…A recent in vivo study found that dual infection with the first IBV and the second AIV causes a more severe clinical illness with an increased inflammatory response, but comparisons remain difficult because no sequential IBV infections or receptor binding have been studied [ 47 ]. The mechanism behind this finding is that the loss of cilia and goblet cells in IBV-induced tracheitis is associated with varying epithelial susceptibility to secondary viral infections [ 33 ]. Binding decreases in the IBV and AIV types differed depending on the virus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ensuing disease is typically more severe when two pathogens coexist with each other [ 31 , 32 ]. Despite numerous proposed underlying mechanisms of virus–virus interactions, disease mechanisms underlying infection with two viruses have only occasionally been examined in the context of chicken respiratory disease [ 27 , 33 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent in vivo study found that dual infection with the first IBV and the second AIV causes a more severe clinical illness with an increased inflammatory response, but comparisons are still difficult because no sequential IBV infections or receptor binding have been studied [ 35 ]. A mechanistic study revealed that diverse levels of epithelial susceptibility to secondary viral infections are associated with the loss of cilia and goblet cells in IB-induced tracheitis [ 33 ]. Binding reduction of the two IBV variants was more prevalent than that of IBV and AIV.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiological distribution of respiratory viral pathogens in marketable vaccinated broiler chickens in five governorates in the Nile Delta, Egypt, from January 2022 to October 2022

El-Shemy,

Amer,

Hassan

et al. 2024

Vet World

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Background and Aim: Respiratory viral infections significantly negatively impact animal welfare and have significant financial implications in the poultry industry. This study aimed to determine the frequency of the most economically relevant respiratory viruses that circulated in Egyptian chicken flocks in 2022. Materials and Methods: Chickens from 359 broiler flocks in five different Egyptian governorates in the Nile Delta (Beheira, Gharbia, Giza, Monufiya, and Qalyoubia) at marketing time (33–38 days of age) were used in this study. Combined oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs and tissue samples were collected from clinically diseased or freshly dead birds suffering from respiratory disease. Avian influenza (AI)-H5, AI-H9, Newcastle disease (ND), and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were analyzed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Results: Of the 359 flocks examined, 293 tested positive, whereas 66 were completely negative for the four viruses evaluated, with the highest positive results in Beheira. Out of 293 positive flocks, 211 were positive for a single virus, with Beheira having the highest rate, followed by Qalyoubia, Giza, and Monufiya. ND virus (NDV) was found to be the highest across all governorates, followed by IBV, AI-H9, and AI-H5. A double infection was detected in 73 flocks with either H9 or ND, or both H9 and IB could coinfect each other. The most common viral coinfections were H9 + IB, ND + IB, and ND + H9. Giza had the highest prevalence of ND + H9, H9 + IB, and ND + IB coinfection in the governorates, followed by Monufiya and Beheira. Only six out of 359 flocks were tribally infected with ND + H9 + IB in Giza, Monufiya, and Beheira governorates. On the basis of the number of flocks and the month of the year, July had the lowest number of flocks (23), while September and October had the highest number (48 flocks). Positive flock numbers were highest in October and lowest in January. Conclusion: From January to October 2022, prevalent respiratory viral infections (H5N1, NDV, H9N2, and IBV) were detected in broiler chickens across the Delta area governorate, according to the findings of the present study. In addition, IBV and H9, either alone or in combination, significantly contributed to the respiratory infection observed in broiler chickens. Regardless of the type and origin of the vaccine used, it is not possible to protect broiler chickens from the development of the infection and the subsequent dissemination of the virus into the poultry environment. In the presence of face-infectious field virus mutations, poultry vaccinations must be regularly reviewed and updated, and poultry farms must take further biosecurity measures. Keywords: avian influenza virus, chicken, Egypt, infectious bronchitis, Newcastle disease, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, subtype H5 and H9.

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“…According to recent in vivo study, a dual infection with the rst IBV and the second AIV does appear to cause a more severe clinical illness that is accompanied by an increased in ammatory response, but comparisons are still challenging because no sequential IBV infections or receptor binding were studied (33). A mechanistic study (34) showed that loss of cilia and goblet cells in infectious bronchitis virus-induced tracheitis is associated with varying epithelial susceptibility to secondary viral infections. The degree of binding reduction varied depending on the virus and was more common between the two IBV variants than between IBV and AIV.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological Distribution of respiratory viral pathogens in marketable vaccinated broiler chickens in six governorates in the Nile Delta, Egypt, January to October 2022

El-Shemy¹,

Amer

Hassan

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background and Aim: Respiratory viral infections have a considerable detrimental impact on animal welfare as well as significant financial ramifications in the poultry industry. Avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes H5 and H9, Newcastle disease (ND), and infectious bronchitis (IB) are the most economically significant illnesses impacting the poultry sector worldwide, including Egypt. From January to October 2022, this study examined the presence of respiratory viral infections (AI-H5, AI-H9, ND, and IB) in 359 flocks of broiler chickens (33–38 days) in six Egyptian governorates (Beheira, Gharbia, Giza, Monufiya and Qalyoubia). Results Out of 359 flocks examined, 293 tested positive, whereas 66 tested fully negative for the four viruses tested with the highest positive results in Beheira. Out of 293 positive flocks, 211 were positive to a single virus with Beheira having the highest rate, followed by Qalyoubia, Giza, and Monufiya. NDV was found to be the highest across all governorates, followed by IBV, AI-H9, and AI-H5. Double infection was detected in 73 flocks with either H9 or ND or both H9 and IB would co-infect one another. The most common viral co-infection was H9 + IB, ND + IB, and ND + H9. Giza had the greatest prevalence of co-infection with ND + H9, H9 + IB, and ND + IB in the governorates, followed by Monufiya and El Buhyera. Only 6 out of 359 flocks were tribally infected with ND + H9 + IB in three governorates: Giza, Monufiya, and Beheira. According to the number of flocks and the month of the year, July had the fewest tested flocks (23) and both September and October had the most (48 flocks). The positive flocks were highest in October and lowest in January. Conclusion The results revealed that IBV and H9 as a single or a mixed infection had a great role in the respiratory infection in broiler. The used vaccine (regardless their origin and type) is not able to protect broiler chickens from developing infection and shedding of virus to the poultry environment. Therefore, poultry vaccines need regular evaluation, renovation in face infective field virus mutants and also, poultry farms must be adopting more biosecurity measures.

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Interference between avian corona and influenza viruses: The role of the epithelial architecture of the chicken trachea

Cited by 4 publications

References 27 publications

Host Immune Response Modulation in Avian Coronavirus Infection: Tracheal Transcriptome Profiling In Vitro and In Vivo

Host Immune Response Modulation in Avian Coronavirus Infection: Tracheal Transcriptome Profiling In Vitro and In Vivo

Epidemiological distribution of respiratory viral pathogens in marketable vaccinated broiler chickens in five governorates in the Nile Delta, Egypt, from January 2022 to October 2022

Epidemiological Distribution of respiratory viral pathogens in marketable vaccinated broiler chickens in six governorates in the Nile Delta, Egypt, January to October 2022

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