Interference Detection and Characterization with an Array based GNSS Receiver using Conformal Antennas in Maritime Environments

Konovaltsev, Andriy; Caizzone, Stefano; Yinusa, Kazeem A.; Sgammini, Matteo; Marcos, Emilio Perez; Appel, Manuel; Cuntz, Manuel; Elmarissi, Wahid; Meurer, Michael

doi:10.33012/2017.15335

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…While many reported jammers of these types use swept-tone signals, a more recent monitoring of jammers reported in reference [15] shows a wide variety of jammer fingerprints. A recording platform for different jamming events as well as an analysis is described in [16]. Jamming countermeasures depend upon the jamming emission type: Automatic Gain Control (AGC) and carrier to noise density ratio (C/N 0 ) monitoring can detect unusual power levels due to interference [12], stopband filtering mitigates out-of-band transmissions or adjacent energy spillover [3], pulse blanking can mitigate the effects of pulsed interference [17] [18], and notch filtering can be effective against continuous waves including the typical swept tones of PPDs [13].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing International Civil Aviation Resilience: A Proposal for Nomenclature, Categorization and Treatment of New Interference Threats

Fernández‐Hernández¹,

Walter²,

Alexander³

et al. 2019

The International Technical Meeting of the the Institute of Navigation

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Electromagnetic interference can degrade civil Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals and services, and in some cases result in integrity failures. The aviation community is well-aware of such threats due to the proliferation of interfering-capable equipment including personal electronic devices (PEDs), personal privacy devices (PPDs), GNSS repeaters, mis-operated test equipment, low-cost software-defined radio cards, and the foreseeable proliferation of more sophisticated spoofing devices in the future. Protection against such interference is under consideration for the next-generation of avionics standards. This paper is intended to support the definition of new avionics standards that address these interference threats. First, it provides a current review of the technical literature with a focus on aviation. Then, the paper compiles the existing nomenclature, taking into account definitions from regulatory bodies. Next, the paper identifies categories of threat emissions. Later, the assets to protect and use case under analysis are presented, followed by a discussion of detection and mitigation responses. The paper continues with a list of detection and mitigation actions that can be implemented at different stages of the avionics receiver. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion on possible treatment of specific threat categories in the next generation of standards. This paper is intended to provide a framework for discussing standards, recommended practices, and test procedures for the treatment of emissions that may be encountered by future equipment. Common nomenclature and threat categorization of jamming and spoofing threats was not available prior to this effort. The framework is the result of several months of iterations including research institutes, GNSS providers, and air navigation service providers. This work provides a common framework that can be used for threat modeling and quantitative risk analysis to enable development of future requirements and associated test procedures in the next generation of aviation standards. Background This section presents a short review on general radio frequency interference, with a focus on the treatment of interference, jamming and spoofing threats in current aviation standards. GPS/Galileo/GNSS radio frequency interference has been a subject of study since the beginning of GPS [1]. In 2001, the Volpe Report [2] provided a wide assessment of the impact of GPS disruptions in critical applications, including aviation, which increased awareness of the

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confidence: 99%

Increasing International Civil Aviation Resilience: A Proposal for Nomenclature, Categorization and Treatment of New Interference Threats

Fernández‐Hernández¹,

Walter²,

Alexander³

et al. 2019

The International Technical Meeting of the the Institute of Navigation

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“…The data is analyzed following the proposed methodology, taking into account the metrics provided by both systems: the Snapshot Recorder and the GNSS Receiver prototype. For previous results please consult [6] and [7]. Due to space limitations not all results will be shown here, specifically: full month data is not going to be fully reported (only September, November and January).…”

Section: Results Of Detected Interferencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…L1 band being actually reserved for radio navigation services, while L5 band allows coexistence of some other services. Moreover, as important increment to the previously published work in [6] [7], for the first time results regarding the Direction of Arrival (DoA) of the recorded signals will be presented. Also, the main findings from the analysis of the third set of measurements collected between September 2017 and January 2018 are introduced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Interference and Spoofing Detection for GNSS Maritime Applications using Direction of Arrival and Conformal Antenna Array

Marcos¹,

Konovaltsev²,

Caizzone³

et al. 2018

ION GNSS+, the International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation

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End-Devices group in the Institute of Communications and Navigation at DLR Oberpfaffenhofen. His current research topics include signal disturbances, interferences and cybersecurity in real time GNSS receivers and Spatial-Temporal Adaptive Processing techniques for multi-antenna systems. Andriy Konovaltsev received his engineer diploma and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Kharkov State Technical University of Radio Electronics, Ukraine in 1993 and 1996, respectively. He joined the Institute of Communications and Navigation of DLR in 2001. His main research interest is in application of antenna array signal processing for improving performance of satellite navigation systems in challenging signal environments.

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“…In both of References and the DOA estimation is studied on the monostatic multiple‐input‐multiple‐output (MIMO) radar and harsh platform environments based on the omni‐directional and isotropic elements. Considering the wide applications of conformal antennas, some works investigate the interference and spoofing detection in global navigation satellite system maritime applications using DOA application and conformal arrays …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Near optimal conformal antenna array structure for direction‐of‐arrival estimation

Sharifi

Rezaei

2019

Int J RF Microw Comput Aided Eng

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This article determines the near optimal conformal antenna array structure for direction‐of‐arrival (DOA) estimation through a comprehensive study on the planar and usual conformal antenna arrays including the cylindrical and hemispherical by using the directive antenna elements in all designs. To model the hemispherical structure, an improved multi‐face antenna array with three different tilts is proposed and compared with previous works in order to investigate the tilt effect and obtain the conclusive results. The Cramer‐Rao lower bound, multiple signal classification, and root‐mean‐square error algorithms are utilized to evaluate the estimation accuracy of all conformal structures. Finally, by comparing the estimation precision of all conformal structures it is shown that the purposed multi‐face structure as the hemispherical model has a better performance than other conformal structures in terms of the maximum angular coverage of the spatial resource. Moreover, the proposed study method in this article fully examines the impacts of the different conformal antennas geometric structure on the DOA estimation performance by involving the directive antennas radiation patterns.

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Interference Detection and Characterization with an Array based GNSS Receiver using Conformal Antennas in Maritime Environments

Cited by 9 publications

References 1 publication

Increasing International Civil Aviation Resilience: A Proposal for Nomenclature, Categorization and Treatment of New Interference Threats

Increasing International Civil Aviation Resilience: A Proposal for Nomenclature, Categorization and Treatment of New Interference Threats

Interference and Spoofing Detection for GNSS Maritime Applications using Direction of Arrival and Conformal Antenna Array

Near optimal conformal antenna array structure for direction‐of‐arrival estimation

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