Interferência do turismo na pesca artesanal: uma abordagem da oceanografia socioambiental no sudeste do Brasil

Abstract

O objetivo deste estudo é descrever a percepção de pescadores artesanais do município de Guarapari, Espírito Santo em relação à interferência do turismo de pesca esportiva e mergulho sobre a pesca artesanal. Entrevistas etnográficas foram realizadas com 80 pescadores artesanais por meio de questionário semi-estruturado, e sendo aplicados os métodos de observações participante e direta, e uso do diário de campo. Para a análise foram aplicadas as técnicas de Análise de Discurso e Triangulação e estatística descritiva básica. Todos os entrevistados são homens com idade entre 27 e 77 anos e com baixa escolaridade. Dentre os entrevistados, 56 (70%) atuam como guia de turismo informal junto aos turistas de pesca esportiva e mergulho. Na percepção dos entrevistados (n = 37; 46,2%) o turismo de pesca esportiva e mergulho interfere negativamente na atividade, em que justificam que há uma sobreposição de uso de área entre pescadores e turistas/excursionistas. Tal cenário indica a instabilidade financeira da pesca artesanal e a necessidade de ações de gestão social a fim de garantir a prática da atividade e do turismo de pesca esportiva e mergulho na região.

Marine artificial reef (MAR) interference in artisanal fisheries in Brazil: use of traditional knowledge

“…In this study, the interviewees highlighted conflicts between the fisheries and small boats, divers (fishers and tourists that practice harpoon fishing) and trawlers due to the interest in the area around MAR Victory 8-B. Diving activity is illegally practiced by artisanal fishermen and by registered divers from tourism companies (Seaman and Sprague, 1991;Abreu et al, 2021). However, some of the divers from tourism companies take advantage of their licenses to practice indiscriminate harpoon fishery around MARs with their own equipment (Abreu et al, 2021).…”

“…The Guarapari municipality, which has a population of approximately 128,000 people (IBGE, 2021), has approximately 1,598 fishermen and 346 vessels registered and distributed throughout the communities of 'Perocão', 'Una', 'Muquiçaba' and 'Meaípe' (Abreu et al, 2020). Its coast is composed of rocky islands, with the Three Islands, Shallow Islands and Escalvada Island being the most important habitats for reef species (Figure 1) (Floeter et al, 2007;Abreu et al, 2020Abreu et al, , 2021. The ship Victory 8-B was designedly submerged in this area to become a MAR, thereby improving the marine ecosystem.…”

“…In this way, the use of MARs close to the coast can be an effective management tool for preventing the invasion of industrial fisheries into artisanal fishery territories. Usually, MARs are assembled where fishery attractions receive public attention (Abreu et al, 2021). The entire Victory 8-B installation process was conducted by the 'Secretaria de Estado de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos do estado do Espírito Santo' (Secretary of State for the Environment and Water Resources of the state of Espírito Santo) and approved by the Brazilian Navy Port Captaincy to ensure navigational safety in the region (Costa et al, 2014;Abreu et al, 2020).…”

“…Diving activity is illegally practiced by artisanal fishermen and by registered divers from tourism companies (Seaman and Sprague, 1991;Abreu et al, 2021). However, some of the divers from tourism companies take advantage of their licenses to practice indiscriminate harpoon fishery around MARs with their own equipment (Abreu et al, 2021). Both groups agree with MAR implementation, but divers are opposed to the use of MARs by artisanal fishery operations due to personal interests in using the area only for their activities.…”

“…Originally from Greece, this ship was used by the merchant navy between 1975 and 1996 and is 89.7 m long and 13.6 m wide. The vessel was seized in 1997 by the customs authorities at the port of Vitória (the capital of the state) (Padilha and Henkes, 2012;Abreu et al, 2021) and became a potential pollution risk to the region after some years because of its load (Costa et al, 2014). It was donated to Guarapari in 2002 for MAR implementation, with the main goal of reducing the impacts of predatory and sport fisheries that are common around the islands in the region (Costa et al, 2014;Abreu et al, 2020).…”