Note the title of Sec. V of his more detailed paper (Tonks, 1939): ''Constriction of Arc under its Own Magnetic Field-Pinch Effect.'' According to J. A. Phillips (1987), The term ''pinch effect'' was in fact first used in 1907 by C. Hering, to describe what would now be called ''a sausage instabillity'' of a liquid-metal conductor in induction furnaces.