IntroductionRegulatory T cells (Tregs) are implicated in the suppression of immune responses and the maintenance of tolerance. [1][2][3] Tregs are characterized by the surface expression of CD4 and the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor (CD25); a member of the forkhead family of transcription factors, FOXP3, is expressed in the nuclei of human and murine CD4 ϩ CD25 ϩ Treg, especially in human CD4 ϩ CD25 high populations. FOXP3 acts as a master regulator for cytokine production and is necessary for cell-cell contactdependent inhibition of effector T-cell activation by Treg. [4][5][6] FOXP3 expression is required for Treg development and confers suppressive function on peripheral CD4 ϩ CD25 ϩ Tregs. 7 Mice lacking the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT1) showed an enhanced immune response, with a tendency toward the development of a late Th2-like response. 8 Recent studies indicate that NFAT1 induces FOXP3 expression by binding to its promoter, 9 and FOXP3 controls Treg function through cooperation with NFAT1. 10 Treg numbers are deficient in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus 11 and type 1 diabetes. 12 In patients with autoimmune hepatitis, Tregs are depleted and FOXP3 expression is decreased. 13 Patients undergoing stem-cell transplantation have a low risk of developing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) if the Treg graft content is high. 14 In patients with multiple sclerosis, although Treg numbers are consistent with those in healthy individuals, there is a marked decrease in their effector function. 15 We have recently reported that CD4 ϩ CD25 high FOXP3 ϩ Tregs are decreased in most patients with aplastic anemia (AA). 16 CD4 ϩ Tregs tend to be decreased in low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients but increased in high-risk MDS patients and correlated with progression to aggressive subtypes of the disease. 17 There is evidence that Tregs have the ability to prevent the development of autoimmune diseases, 18 tumor immunity, 19 graft rejection, 20 and GVHD 21 in mouse models. In these animal models, transfer of Tregs can prevent the autoimmune phenotype that develops after Treg depletion. Infusion of Tregs in a minor antigen H60-mediated AA mice model aborted H60-specific T-cell expansion and prevented bone marrow destruction. 22 Immunosuppressive drugs, such as antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and cyclosporin A (CsA), are widely used to prevent or treat acute graft rejection in organ transplantation, 23 in conditioning for transplantation, and for the treatment of AA and other autoimmune diseases, and GVHD. 24 Because of the important roles of Treg in disease pathophysiology and treatment, the effects of these immunosuppressive drugs on the function or expansion of Treg might be clarified. ATG is a purified IgG fraction of sera from rabbits or horses that have been immunized with human thymocytes or T-cell lines. ATG depletes peripheral lymphocytes from the circulating pool through complement-dependent lysis or activation-associated apoptosis, 23,25 but its effect on Treg has not been fully ...