Interferons alpha, beta and gamma therapy of anogenital human papillomavirus infections

Recombinant Interferon Beta Gel as an Adjuvant in the Treatment of Recurrent Genital Warts: Results of a Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Study in 120 Patients

“…Placebo-controlled studies with systemically applied IFN as adjuvant therapy have shown varying results [11, 13]. Whereas the recurrence rate could be reduced significantly in some studies, others showed no effect of adjuvant IFN therapy.…”

“…In many studies already conducted since the 1970s, IFN has been applied systemically, locally via intralesional injection or topically using IFN-bearing lotions, creams or gels [6, 7, 11, 13]. These various investigations produced divergent results with regard to the efficacy of IFN in the treatment of CA, probably due to the different inclusion criteria, mode of application, dose and especially regimen.…”

“…More recently, research has focused on IFN appropriate for use as an adjuvant to reduce the rate of recurrence [7, 11, 13]. Topical preparations are especially well suited for this mode of therapy.…”

Retinoic acid and interferon signaling cross talk in normal and RA-resistant APL cells

“…54 Finally, IFNs-␣, ␤, and ␥ represent a promising antiviral modality that can be directed against all sites of human papillomavirus infection. 55 …”

Anti-proliferative effect of retinoids and interferon-α-2a on vaginal cell lines derived from squamous intra-epithelial lesions

“…Interferon-␣s have also been reported to down-regulate HPV-E6-E7 expression, suggesting that they might be useful in the treatment of pre-malignant lesions (Khan et al, 1993). However, when interferons have been used as monotherapy in vivo, the results from clinical studies show varying efficacy (Rockley and Tyring, 1995). Nevertheless, much of the in vitro data on cell lines derived from various malignancies suggest that retinoids and interferon exert a synergistic effect when combined (Bollag and Peck, 1993).…”