The broadening use of the concepts of lifelong and lifewide learning has opened space for exploring learning processes beyond official educational institutions providing formal education. Environments where adults learn intensively in both informal and non-formal ways include businesses. The specific environment of family businesses is an attractive research topic in the context of intergenerational learning and consistent with the concept of workplace learning (Evans, Hodkinson, Rainbird, & Unwin, 2006;Novotný, 2009 Studia paedagogica vol. 21, n. 2, 2016 44 LENKA KAMANOVÁ, KATEŘINA PEVNÁ, MILADA RABUŠICOVÁ
Theoretical frameworkWhile family businesses control nearly 80% of the GDP created by the private sector on an international scale, their share of the GDP in the Czech Republic is slightly below 25%, despite the fact that the number of family businesses keeps growing (Odehnalová, 2009). This situation is due to the developments after 1948, when private property was taken over by the state, and the private sector, including family businesses, was nearly wiped out of existence. The turning point was the political changeover of 1989, when new businesses could be established and traditions of the interwar republic resumed. Now, more than 25 years after their re-emergence, family businesses are not exempt from demographic trends, particularly population ageing. Many family businesses are thus facing a change of generations and have to deal with passing the legacy and family tradition on to the next generation. This co-shapes the space for intergenerational learning. Although there has been a lot of literature concerning age-heterogeneous work teams and the ensuing challenges, most of this research focused on management or economic issues rather than the andragogic point of view. These studies, with smaller or greater empirical emphasis, define ways to cope with age variety in the workplace while preserving continuity and effectiveness of operation (e.g. Ilmarinen & Tuomi, 2004;Ropes, 2013;Spannring, 2008;Vendramin, 2009). Empirical studies explaining cross-generational learning processes in environments as specific as the family business are less numerous, and are very rare in the Czech Republic. Such studies address teaching or learning the family business (Lansberg & Gersick, 2015;Sorenson & Milbrandt, 2015), continuity and stewardship (Konopaski, Jack, & Hamilton, 2015;Le Breton-Miller & Miller, 2015), or organizational culture specifics (Ruiz Jimenéz, Vallejo Martos, & Martínez Jimenéz, 2015;Barroso Martinéz, Sanguino Galván, & Baňegil Palacios, 2013). Our approach integrates these topics to a certain extent, attempting to provide a comprehensive view of intergenerational learning in family businesses.
On family businessesWhat businesses should be regarded as family ones? It is evident that labelling businesses simply as family or non-family is not sufficient. The two labels are rather two opposing poles of a continuum, the scale including countless variants differing by the role that family plays in...