“…Scholars founded the first "formal" IGD program at the University of Michigan in 1989 as a response to racial tensions that occurred on campus between Black students and White students (Gurin et al, 2013;Moss et al, 2017;Zún ˜iga et al, 2007). Some higher education institutions offer curricular-based academic dialogue programs for academic credit in various disciplines such as sociology, psychology, communication, conflict resolution studies, social work, and education (Lopez & Zún ˜iga, 2010). Additionally, university offices outside of formal academic departments, such as diversity and inclusion centers or residential life offices, also offer cocurricular IGD programs.…”