“…Beyond animal work, six clinical trials have been completed to date, all using bone marrow-derived SCs except one, which used umbilical cord-derived SCs (Cox et al, 2011(Cox et al, , 2017Tian et al, 2013;Wang et al, 2013b;Liao et al, 2015;Cramer et al, 2019). In the most recent trial, lead by Cramer et al (2019), 61 chronic TBI patients were randomized into stem cell treated groups [receiving three different doses of allogeneic modified bone marrow-derived mesenchymal SCs (SB623)] by intracranial injection or surgical sham. The study showed no dose-limiting toxicities or deaths in treated groups and a statistically significant improvement in the Fugl-Meyer Motor Scale score at 24 weeks post-treatment, and the group treated with the highest dose (5.0 × 106 SB623) was the one showing the greatest benefits in motor status.…”