Interleaver technology: comparisons and applications requirements

An Overview of Array Signal Processing and Beam Forming Techniques

“…All acoustic waves travel at the speed 1500 m/s in underwater channel [6][7][8]. The physical relationship describing acoustic waves is similar to that of light λ f = c. The frequencies of signals that an array detects are important because they determine constraints on the spacing of the sensors.…”

“…Here normalized DFT is used. Now the N spectra from each of the array's sensors according to equation (10) is calculated, to find how certain frequencies (of interest f o from different angles with respect to the array's broadside) are distributed [7]. This DFT is performed by taking frequency component from each received signal that corresponds to f o and concatenating them into an array.…”

Dispersion Compensation in Optical Communication Link Using Apf’s

“…After the various channels have been multiplexed by the wavelength interleaver over the single fiber the next step is to compensate the phase distortions due to different group delays for different channels [1], [7]. Dispersion compensating fibers [2], [3] (with opposite chromatic dispersion as that of channels) are not used these days as they introduce large footprint, high insertion loss, introduce nonlinear distortion etc, hence they have been replaced by all pass filter structure.…”

“…The number of compensating techniques has been reported in the literature [3], [4], [5], [6] including dispersion compensating fibers (DCFs), Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), Electronic Dispersion compensation (EDC) each having its own advantages and disadvantages. In WDM system where a number of frequencies are interleaved, dispersion is compensated using all pass filters [7]. All pass filters are linear systems having variable phase response and constant amplitude response.…”

10 GHz femtosecond pulse interleaver in planar waveguide technology

“…These interleaving filters were primarily designed for wide-bandwidth pass-bands by cascading multiple stages and optimizing the coupling coefficient ratios at each individual interleaver stage for operating frequencies around 50-100 GHz [10][11][12][13]. A good overview over different interleaver implementations can be found in Cao [14] and Kawachi [15], who outlines the various silica waveguide technology components. Waveguide interleavers can be directly coupled to existing fiber platforms or integrated in the same fabrication process with emerging silicon photonics, thus providing a compact solution with robust performance metrics.…”