“…[9,10] The cascade of events results in secretion of an array of cytokines, chemokines, and cytotoxicity mediators that can be detected in tissue and in urine. [7,11] These are summarized in Table 1. Examples are (1) pro-inflammatory, T helper type 1 (Th1) cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ; (2) Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-10; (3) chemokines, as CCL2, CCL8, CCL3, IFN-γ-inducible protein (IP-10), CXCL9; (4) cytotoxicity mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO) released by macrophages, and mediators of cytotoxic response such as perforin (Perf), granulysin (GNLY), and Fas ligand (Fas-L) pathway released by cytolytic lymphocytes [natural killer (NK) and T cytotoxic cells], and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA4) expressed by activated/exhausted T cell; and (5) molecules involved in stress homeostatic events such as heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX-1).…”