“…Notably, of the 17 cytokines examined, KC, GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-10, G-CSF, IL-5, IL-17, IFN-␥, and MIP-1␣ increased after sham operation compared with baseline. Cytokine production after surgical procedures is a well-described phenomenon in patients that has been linked to postsurgical multisystem organ failure and mortality (27,28). Abdominal surgery, in particular, is associated with increased serum IL-6, G-CSF (27), and IL-10 (28).…”