2018
DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.02.011
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Interleukin-1β, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in CSF and serum in relation to the clinical diversity of Parkinson’s disease

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Cited by 127 publications
(117 citation statements)
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“…Over-activation of microglia releases pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL‐1β and TNF-α, which would lead to the damage of neurons and further active the inflammatory cascade [12]. It is reported that IL-6, IL‐1β and TNF-α are significantly elevated in patients with AD [13] and PD [14]. In addition, the activated microglial cells also produce harmful substances, such as iNOS, COX-2 and other free radicals, which may perturb neuronal death and induce the development of neurodegeneration [15].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Over-activation of microglia releases pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL‐1β and TNF-α, which would lead to the damage of neurons and further active the inflammatory cascade [12]. It is reported that IL-6, IL‐1β and TNF-α are significantly elevated in patients with AD [13] and PD [14]. In addition, the activated microglial cells also produce harmful substances, such as iNOS, COX-2 and other free radicals, which may perturb neuronal death and induce the development of neurodegeneration [15].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as IL‐1, IL‐6, and TNF‐α secreted by activated microglial cells contribute the progress of PD (Alam et al, ). It has been shown that IL‐1β and IL‐6 in serum are significantly elevated in patients with PD (Karpenko, Vasilishina, Gromova, Muruzheva, & Bernadotte, ). Qin, Zhang, Cao, Loh, and Cheng () reported that higher peripheral concentrations of IL‐1β, IL‐2, IL‐6, and TNF‐α are observed in patients with PD, providing the clinical evidence that PD is accompanied by neuroinflammation.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Increased inflammatory responses have been described both in the brain and peripheral blood of PD patients (135). Depression correlated with a high serum level of IL-10 (136) and IL-6 (137). High levels of both sIL-2R and TNF-α in blood samples from PD patients were significantly associated with more severe depression and anxiety (119).…”
Section: Depressionmentioning
confidence: 98%