Interleukin-6 Expression After Repeated Bouts of Eccentric Exercise

Willoughby, Darryn S.; McFarlin, Brian K.; Bois, Camille

doi:10.1055/s-2003-37197

Cited by 91 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…2), clearly demonstrating that muscle damage is not required to increase plasma IL-6 during exercise. Rather, eccentric exercise may result in a delayed peak and a slower decrease of plasma IL-6 during recovery (135,203,396).…”

Section: Exercise and Cytokines With Focus On Interleukin-6 A Symentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle as an Endocrine Organ: Focus on Muscle-Derived Interleukin-6

Pedersen¹,

Febbraio²

2008

Physiological Reviews

1,833

1,646

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Skeletal muscle has recently been identified as an endocrine organ. It has, therefore, been suggested that cytokines and other peptides that are produced, expressed, and released by muscle fibers and exert paracrine, autocrine, or endocrine effects should be classified as “myokines.” Recent research demonstrates that skeletal muscles can produce and express cytokines belonging to distinctly different families. However, the first identified and most studied myokine is the gp130 receptor cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6). IL-6 was discovered as a myokine because of the observation that it increases up to 100-fold in the circulation during physical exercise. Identification of IL-6 production by skeletal muscle during physical activity generated renewed interest in the metabolic role of IL-6 because it created a paradox. On one hand, IL-6 is markedly produced and released in the postexercise period when insulin action is enhanced but, on the other hand, IL-6 has been associated with obesity and reduced insulin action. This review focuses on the myokine IL-6, its regulation by exercise, its signaling pathways in skeletal muscle, and its role in metabolism in both health and disease.

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Section: Exercise and Cytokines With Focus On Interleukin-6 A Symentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle as an Endocrine Organ: Focus on Muscle-Derived Interleukin-6

Pedersen¹,

Febbraio²

2008

Physiological Reviews

1,833

1,646

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Moreover, it has become evident that eccentric exercise is not associated with a larger increase in plasma IL-6 than exercise involving concentric "nondamaging" muscle contractions, clearly demonstrating that muscle damage is not required to increase plasma IL-6 during exercise. Rather, eccentric exercise may result in a delayed peak and a slower decrease of plasma IL-6 during recovery [157][158][159].…”

Section: Acute Changes Of Systemic Inflammatory Markers During and Afmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In resting human skeletal muscle, the IL-6 mRNA content is very low, while small amounts of IL-6 protein predominantly in type I fibers may be detected using sensitive immunohistochemical methods [171]. In response to exercise, an increase of the IL-6 mRNA content in the contracting skeletal muscle is detectable after 30 min of exercise, and up to 100-fold increases of the IL-6 mRNA content may be present at the end of the exercise bout [172,173]. Nevertheless this, although the earlier studies demonstrated that IL-6 mRNA is increased in skeletal muscle biopsy samples, they did not prove that skeletal muscle is the source of the increase in the contraction-induced increase in IL-6.…”

Section: Acute Changes Of Systemic Inflammatory Markers During and Afmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Physical Exercise on Inflammatory Markers of Atherosclerosis

Pinto¹,

Raimondo

Tuttolomondo³

et al. 2012

CPD

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Abstract:It is well established that physically fit individuals have a reduced risk of developing CVD (cardiovascular disease) and other age-related chronic disorders. Regular exercise is an established therapeutic intervention with an enormous range of benefits. Chronic low-grade systemic inflammation may be involved in atherosclerosis, diabetes and in pathogenesis of several chronic pathological conditions; recent findings confirm that physical activity induces an increase in the systemic levels of a number of cytokines and chemokines with anti-inflammatory properties. The possibility that regular physical exercise exerts anti-inflammation activity, being the interaction between contracting muscle and the other tissues and the circulating cells mediated through signals transmitted by "myokines" produced with muscle contractions. To date the list of myokines includes IL-6, IL-8, and IL-15. During muscle contractions are also released IL1receptor antagonis and sTNF-R, molecules that contribute to provide anti-inflammatory actions.Nevertheless discrepancies, analysis of available researches seem to confirm the efficacy of regular physical training as a nonpharmacological therapy having target chronic low-grade inflammation. Given this, physical exercise could be considerate a useful weapon against local vascular and systemic inflammation in atherosclerosis. Several mechanisms explain the positive effect of chronic exercise, nevertheless, these mechanisms do not fully enlighten all pathways by which exercise can decrease inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, and hence modulate the progression of the underlying disease progress.

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“…165,179 Repeated bouts of eccentric exercise have been shown to increase intramuscular stores of heat shock proteins, which may be responsible for skeletal muscle-specific anti-inflammatory effects following a period of chronic resistance exercise training. 180,181 Acute bouts of eccentric exercise damage skeletal muscle, which results in a release of HSP60 and HSP70 into the circulation. 182,183 During repeated bouts of eccentric exercise, separated by 2 weeks, skeletal muscle inflammatory cytokine release decreases, 180,181 which is consistent with an anti-inflammatory adaptation.…”

Section: Heat Shock Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…180,181 Acute bouts of eccentric exercise damage skeletal muscle, which results in a release of HSP60 and HSP70 into the circulation. 182,183 During repeated bouts of eccentric exercise, separated by 2 weeks, skeletal muscle inflammatory cytokine release decreases, 180,181 which is consistent with an anti-inflammatory adaptation. Heat shock proteins have been implicated as a possible crosstolerance signal, which influence blood monocyte/peripheral macrophage LPS-stimulated inflammatory cytokine production and hepatic acute phase protein production.…”

Section: Heat Shock Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

State of the Art Reviews: The Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Exercise Training

Flynn

McFarlin

Markofski³

2007

American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine

111

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The list of diseases with a known inflammatory etiology is growing. Cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, diabetes, geriatric cachexia, and Alzheimer's disease have all been shown to be linked to or exacerbated by aberrantly regulated inflammatory processes. Nevertheless, there is mounting evidence that those who are physically active, or who become physically active, have a reduction in biomarkers associated with chronic inflammation. There was strong early consensus that exercise-induced reductions in inflammation were explained by body mass index or body fatness, but recent studies provide support for the contention that exercise has body fatindependent anti-inflammatory effects. With few exceptions, the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise appear to occur regardless of age or the presence of chronic diseases. What remains unclear are the mechanisms by which exercise training induces these anti-inflammatory effects, but there are several intriguing possibilities, including release of endogenous products, such as heat shock proteins; selective reduction of visceral adipose tissue mass or reducing infiltration of adipocytes by macrophages; shift in immune cell phenotype; cross-tolerizing effects; or exerciseinduced shifts in accessory proteins of toll-like receptor signaling. However, future research endeavors are likely to uncover additional potential mechanisms, and it could be some time before functional mechanisms are made clear. In summary, the potential anti-inflammatory influences of exercise training may provide a low-cost, readily available, and effective treatment for low-grade systemic inflammation and could contribute significantly to the positive effects of exercise training on chronic disease. Keywordsanti-inflammatory; exercise training; chronic disease Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, and several other chronic diseases are now known to be strongly linked to inflammatory processes. [1][2][3][4] Chronic diseases linked to inflammation are known to occur in greater frequency in older and sedentary individuals, 5 but evidence is emerging that exercise has anti-inflammatory effects. [6][7][8][9] For example, there is a substantial reduction in biomarkers of low-grade systemic inflammation in physically active adults or adults who undertake exercise training. [10][11][12][13][14] Address for correspondence: Michael G. Flynn, FACSM, Wastl Human Performance Lab, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907; mickflyn@purdue.edu. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptAm J Lifestyle Med. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 November 25. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptChronic low-grade inflammation, "persistent but more subtle than the acute phase response," 15 is frequently assessed by measurement of circulating C-reactive protein (CRP) and, somewhat less frequently, serum amyloid A. C-reactive protein concentration is higher in those with high body mass index, 16,17 metabolic syndrome and/or diabetes, 1,18 belownormal high-density lipoprotein choleste...

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Interleukin-6 Expression After Repeated Bouts of Eccentric Exercise

Cited by 91 publications

References 26 publications

Muscle as an Endocrine Organ: Focus on Muscle-Derived Interleukin-6

Muscle as an Endocrine Organ: Focus on Muscle-Derived Interleukin-6

Effects of Physical Exercise on Inflammatory Markers of Atherosclerosis

State of the Art Reviews: The Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Exercise Training

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