Interleukin‐8, interleukin‐1β and tumour necrosis factor‐α in sequential units of packed red blood cells collected from retired racing Greyhounds

Abstract

Background We hypothesised that concentrations of interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) would increase during storage in the third sequential unit (U3) of canine packed red blood cells (PRBC) collected from terminal donors in haemorrhagic shock. We further hypothesised that leucoreduction would prevent cytokine accumulation in U3 and that cytokine concentrations in U3 would be higher than in the first units (U1) collected from the same dogs.Methods U1 and U3 were each collected from 12 anaesthetised healthy Greyhounds. Removal of leucocytes from half of each PRBC unit produced one leucoreduced (LR) and one nonleucoreduced (NLR) unit. Canine IL-8, IL-1β and TNF-α concentrations were measured in samples collected from the units during storage on days 0, 10, 20, 30 and 37. ResultsThe IL-8 concentration in U3 NLR units was significantly higher on days 10, 20, 30 and 37 than on day 0 and was significantly higher than in the LR units at all time points. The IL-1β concentration in U3 did not change over time, or between LR and NLR units. TNF-α was not detected in any unit. There were no significant differences in IL-8 or IL-1β concentrations between U3 and U1 at any time point; however, some NLR U3 units had markedly elevated IL-8 concentrations at day 37 (2060-20,682 pg/mL) compared with NLR U1 units (3369-5280 pg/mL).Conclusion NLR U3 units collected from dogs in haemorrhagic shock showed a significant increase in IL-8 concentrations during storage. Leucoreduction was effective at preventing the accumulation of IL-8. There was no difference detected between U3 and U1.

The Correlation Between Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio with Hepatic Echinococcosis

“…A study revealed that preoperative high PLR could predict the poor prognosis of HCC patients. 21 A previous study of the investigators confirmed that platelets not only played an important role in hemostasis and thrombosis but also helped regulate inflammation and immune response. More important is that platelets play a dual regulatory role in tissue inflammation.…”

Effect of leukoreduction on inflammation in critically ill dogs receiving red blood cell transfusions: A randomized blinded controlled clinical trial

“…These samples were centrifuged, and supernatant stored at −80°C for later analysis of canine‐specific IL‐8. Because IL‐8 has been shown to accumulate in canine NLR but not LR RBC bags over time, 13 , 14 , 15 this biomarker was chosen to act as a marker for development of a storage lesion that was expected to be different between NLR and LR RBC bags.…”

“… 4 , 11 , 12 Similarly, IL‐8 concentration increases in canine RBC products, with an estimated peak between 20 and 30 days of storage. 13 , 14 , 15 Cytokines are derived from leukocytes and platelets within blood products, which can be removed before storage using a leukoreduction filter. In human medicine, leukoreduction has resulted in significant decreases in FNHTR, and is used routinely in some countries.…”

“…[16][17][18] Leukoreduction prevents accumulation of several proinflammatory mediators including IL-8 in canine stored RBC, and therefore may attenuate the acute inflammatory response after transfusion of older stored blood. [13][14][15]19,20 A preclinical trial in healthy research dogs found leukoreduction significantly decreased the acute inflammatory response seen after transfusion of 21-dayold RBC compared with similarly aged nonleukoreduced (NLR) RBC. 5 This effect has not yet been demonstrated in more heterogenous populations of critically ill dogs.…”

In this issue – January/February 2017

“…A study from Murdoch University in Western Australia reports on levels of cytokines produced in units of packed red blood cells collected at different times from retired Greyhounds . Cytokines accumulate during storage and leucocyte reduction before storage has been shown to prevent this occurring.…”