Interlimb Asymmetries: The Need for an Individual Approach to Data Analysis

Bishop, Chris; Lake, Jason P.; Loturco, Irineu; Papadopoulos, Konstantinos; Turner, Anthony N.; Read, Paul

doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002729

Cited by 132 publications

(238 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In men alone, there was a range of 1.9-49.0% between d and Nd shoulders for absolute Ir strength deficits. Such observations mirror recent recommendations by bishop et al [12] for an individual approach to data analysis when investigating inter-limb asymmetries. However, the differences observed between d and Nd in both absolute and relative strength ratios, regardless of sex, support the recommendation that additional resistance training for concentric Er strength of the d and Nd shoulder must be emphasised for university level volleyball players to address shoulder imbalances and asymmetries.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…As a consequence of the interest in injury risk and occurrence, asymmetries of < 10% have been proposed as the target for when athletes are returning to or currently competing in sport [2,6,7], and both athlete and non-athlete populations who exhibit inter-limb asymmetries greater than 15% have been associated with increased injury incidence and reduced performance when compared with groups who score below this threshold [8][9][10][11]. However, given the subject-specific and experimental test-specific nature of asymmetries [12], caution should be used when applying these thresholds across different experimental tests and cohorts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Asymmetry of dominant and non-dominant shoulders in university level men and women volleyball players

Zuzgina¹,

Wdowski²

2019

Hum Mov.

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Purpose. Volleyball involves repetitive forceful actions predominantly of one arm, which could eventually lead to an injury or shoulder pathology. the aim of the study was to compare the range of motion and strength in the dominant and non-dominant shoulders of university level volleyball players, with the objective of examining any differences between sexes. Methods. A total of 19 university level volleyball players (9 men: 81.3 ± 8.0 kg, 21 ± 1 years; 10 women: 66.0 ± 8.2 kg, 19 ± 1 years) participated. the passive internal and external range of motion of the dominant and non-dominant spiking shoulders were measured with a goniometer. the shoulder strength tests were performed on an isokinetic dynamometer at the speed of 60°/s in the concentric mode of contraction. Shoulder internal and external rotator concentric strength, range of motion, and internal/external rotation strength ratios were tested between arm dominance and sex with the use of 2-way mixed design ANOVA. Results. Internal and external rotation strength was asymmetrical in both men and women, in favour of the dominant side (p < 0.05). both men and women displayed asymmetrical external/internal ratios (p < 0.05), with greater ratios present in the non-dominant side. Conclusions. University level men and women volleyball players exhibit similar levels of significant asymmetry in the internal/external rotation strength between dominant and non-dominant spiking arms. Furthermore, subject-specific responses in strength asymmetries suggest further investigation at the individual level. Isokinetic shoulder screening could be used to reveal information about possible risk factors for shoulder injuries.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asymmetry of dominant and non-dominant shoulders in university level men and women volleyball players

Zuzgina¹,

Wdowski²

2019

Hum Mov.

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“…Recently, there has been an increase in the utilization of maximal strength tests such as the isometric squat (ISQ) and mid-thigh pull (IMTP). 2,4,6,9,12 These assessments have lower skill requirements than traditional iso-inertial testing and therefore may be more advantageous in settings such as large group programs, rehabilitation and when working with athletes of a low training age. 5…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous studies have included the IMTP, 6,9,25 with fewer employing the ISQ. 2,21 Nuzzo et al 21 utilized both assessment modes and showed they were significantly correlated (r = 0.76); however, peak force and RFD were higher in the ISQ. Greater peak force during the ISQ has also been shown for females only, with a trend evident of higher impulse and RFD during the ISQ but these differences were not significant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, previous literature investigating the differences between the ISQ and IMTP have only used a bilateral stance. 4,21 Given the increased frequency of research pertaining to measurement of unilateral tasks, 2,3 and their associations with reductions in performance, 3 a more comprehensive understanding of these assessment modes is warranted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimizing athlete assessment of maximal force and rate of development: A comparison of the isometric squat and mid-thigh pull

Read

Silva

Chrismas

et al. 2020

Preprint

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28This study compared force-time characteristics and muscle activity between the isometric squat 29 (ISQ) and mid-thigh pull (IMTP) in both bilateral (ISQ BI and IMTP BI ) and unilateral (ISQ UNI and 30 IMTP UNI ) stance. Peak force (PF), rate-of-force (RFD) (e.g. 0-300ms) and EMG of the 31 multifidus, erector spinae (ES), gluteus maximus (GM), biceps femoris (BF), semitendinosus 32 (ST), vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL) and soleus were recorded in ten recreationally 33 trained males. PF was significantly greater during the ISQ BI vs. IMTP BI (p=0.016, ES=1.08) 34 but not in the unilateral test mode although effects remained moderate (ES=0.62). A trend 35 indicated heightened RFD 300ms (p = 0.083; ES=0.81) during the IMTP BI vs. the ISQ BI, but these 36 effects were smaller in the unilateral test (ES = 0.51). Greater (p<0.0001) EMG for VL 37 (ES=1.00-1.13) and VM were recorded during the ISQ compared to IMTP modes in both 38 modes (ES = 0.97 -1.18). Greater BF EMG (p = 0.030, ES = 0.31) was shown in IMTP BI vs. 39ISQ BI and these effects were stronger in the unilateral modes (p = < 0.05; ES = 0.81 -0.83). 40 Significantly greater ST activation was shown in both IMTP UNI (p < 0.05; ES = 0.69-0.76) and 41 IMTP BI (p < 0.001; ES = 1.08). These findings indicate that ISQ results in elevated PF, whereas, 42 RFD is heightened during the IMTP and these differences are more pronounced in bilateral 43 modes. Greater activation of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles are expected in ISQ and 44 IMPT respectively. 45 46 Keywords: isometric strength; rate of force development; unilateral and bilateral 47

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Neuromuscular characteristics of front and back legs in junior fencers

et al. 2022

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In elite fencers, muscle strength and muscle mass of the front leg (FL) are greater than those of the back leg (BL) due to characteristic physiological and biomechanical demands placed on each leg during fencing. However, the development of laterality in their neural and muscular components is not well-understood. The present study investigated neuromuscular characteristics of FL and BL in junior fencers. Nineteen junior fencers performed neuromuscular performance tests for FL and BL, separately. There were no significant differences in the isometric knee extension strength (MVC), unilateral vertical jump (UVJ), vastus lateralis muscle thickness (MT), or motor unit firing rate of the vastus lateralis muscle (MUFR) between FL and BL (p > 0.05). In subgroup analyses, a significantly greater MUFR in FL than BL was noted only in fencers with > 3 years of fencing experience, and significantly greater UVJ in FL than BL was observed solely in fencers with < 3 years of fencing experience (p < 0.05). Strong positive correlations between FL and BL were identified in MVC, MT, and MUFR in fencers with > 3 years of fencing experience, but not in those with < 3 years of experience. These findings suggest that in junior fencers, laterality in neuromuscular performance has not manifested, whereas longer fencing experience induces fencing-dependent laterality in neural components, and laterality in dynamic muscle strength is decreased with fencing experience.

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Interlimb Asymmetries: The Need for an Individual Approach to Data Analysis

Cited by 132 publications

References 31 publications

Asymmetry of dominant and non-dominant shoulders in university level men and women volleyball players

Asymmetry of dominant and non-dominant shoulders in university level men and women volleyball players

Optimizing athlete assessment of maximal force and rate of development: A comparison of the isometric squat and mid-thigh pull

Neuromuscular characteristics of front and back legs in junior fencers

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